Rural Development Strategies

Abstract The aim of the current research is to analyze the key factors affecting the rural-urban Linkages in the food security of the peri-urban rural areas of Dehdasht. The research method is based on the purpose of the applied type and based on its nature, descriptive-analytical and causal-survey with a future research approach. The method of collecting information was through documentary (library, scientific journals) and field (questionnaire) methods in order to extract the key factors of the questionnaire in four Next, including the economic, socio-cultural, informational and infrastructural-institutional factors affecting food security, it was prepared and distributed among the members of the sample community. The sample community of this research consists of 25 experts and specialists. For the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, the opinions of university professors were used, and for its reliability, Cronbach's alpha method was used. For data analysis and structural analysis of the influence of each of the indicators affecting food security, the software (FL MICMAC) was used. The findings of the research have shown that among the 76 investigated factors in four dimensions, 16 key factors include economic links (increasing public and private investment, providing services, facilities and inputs, improving investment in the production of tools and diversifying the income sources of rural households), in the dimension Socio-cultural links (reception of the planning model by rural managers, participation of stakeholders, especially elites, investors, acceptance of change from the attitude and sense of social justice), information links (sharing of information and communication between buyers and sellers, informing of agricultural products and tourist attractions, forming a the competitive environment of food products and improving technological communication with modeling and branding) and institutional infrastructure links (government support to improve the condition of agricultural lands, efforts to improve the condition of roads between urban centers and villages, the establishment of a rural credit fund and the establishment of multi-purpose cooperatives) as key drivers Were identified; And it is expected that with the mentioned drivers, Dehdasht city will be able to take steps towards the food security of rural areas in the form of rural-urban Lnkages.

Abstract Today one of the factors that is known as a basic solution in rural development is to carry out a detailed educational needs assessment, which can be the main basis for planning and implementing an employment-creating educational program. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the educational needs of rural students' self-employment skills in creating small businesses based on the Burich model. The method of the present study was descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the study included all eleventh and twelfth grade students (779 people) of vocational schools located in the villages around Shiraz in the academic year 2021-2022 that 228 people of students were selected by random sampling method based on Cochran's formula. The research tool was the Shokrgozar Questionnaire (2017) based on the Burich needs assessment model which was distributed and collected among the samples after calculating its validity and reliability. Data analysis was performed using SPSS23 software. The results of the research showed that none of the 23 educational components need more training, but in terms of knowledge, the components of financial and economic profit, marketing, rights and intellectual property, and experimental knowledge of production, respectively, with priorities 2/61, 2/53, 2/53 and 2/42; In the skill dimension, the components of practical exploration of entrepreneurial opportunities, preparing business, working with limited resources, improving production quality, marketing, planning and skill in applying motivational techniques in order with priorities 2/68,2/47,2/40, 2/20,2/12,2/07, 2/05 and In the aspect of attitude, the components of entrepreneurial attitudes, critical thinking and risk-taking need to be strengthened and integrated into the curricula of art students with priorities of 2.65, 2.30 and 2.08, respectively. According to the results, high school students in all three dimensions of knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to strengthen the mentioned educational components. The results of this study help policy makers and planners of the education system to consider strengthening the identified educational components in order to maximize the effectiveness of students' skills and thus accelerate the rural development process.

Abstract Food security as one of the key factors in rural development should always be considered by governments. Considering the importance of food security in the landscape development document of 1404, the present study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the food insecurity of farmer households in the rural areas of Amol County. For this purpose, the data was obtained by completing a questionnaire and face-to-face interviews with 105 farmers in rural areas using stratified random sampling in the crop year 2019-1400. A coping strategy index was used to calculate food insecurity. Regression analysis was also used to investigate factors affecting insecurity. The average, minimum, and maximum coping strategy index is 35.9 (89.9 percent), 23, and 40, respectively, which indicates the poor food security situation in the region. In addition, the variables of personal ownership of agricultural land and vehicles, cooperation with other farmers, reverse migration, the number of machines entering the farm, and biological control have a negative and significant effect and the area of land has a positive and significant effect on food insecurity. Actually, with ownership of agricultural land and personal vehicles, food insecurity decreases by 20.02 units and 12.78 units, respectively. In addition, in the case of cooperation with other farmers and migration from city to village, food insecurity decreases by 26% and 7.53 units, respectively. Also, by increasing the number of times using machines and carrying out biological control, food insecurity increases by 8.65 units and 43.85 units, respectively. Based on this, by creating more facilities in the village to meet the needs of rural households and reducing the cost of commuting from the city to the village, it is possible to improve the food security level of the households. Also, the cooperation of cooperatives with farmers will reduce costs such as buying seeds, fertilizers, and fertilizers, and as a result, the level of food insecurity in households will decrease. Considering the positive effect of biological control on food insecurity, measures should be taken to Offer organic products at a higher price to prevent a decrease in farmers' income.

Abstract Protected areas are natural resources that are protected to preserve and multiply animals and plants. Unfortunately, various factors have led to the destruction of certain areas. To minimize this destruction, it's important to consider the norms of the local communities. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the norms affecting nature conservation behavior using the normative activation model in Badr and Parishan protected area located in Qorveh city, Kurdistan province, Iran. The research method for this study involved a survey and collection of information using library and field methods. The statistical samples consisted 385 residents of Pulosarkan, Sarqal, Mihem Sefali, Mihem Alia, Vali-Abad and Nemat-Abad villages, who were selected as respondents by simple random sampling method. The results of the simple regression test indicated experimental confirmation of the research hypotheses. Also, among the dimensions of norms, legal norms had the highest impact on respondents' nature protection behaviors. Finally, path analysis (both direct and indirect effects) showed that norms are strong predictors for nature conservation behaviors in Badr and Parishan region. Achieving sustainable development in a society requires paying attention to society's participation in nature protection. T The study found that sustainable prosperity can be achieved by prioritizing norms and revitalizing ecotourism in the Badr and Parishan protected area. Therefore, it is suggested that decision-makers and provincial managers should pay special attention to the norms in the field of nature protection in order to properly and sustainably manage nature tourism.

Abstract Today, water resource management, especially groundwater management, is the basis for sustainable development. Due to climatic conditions, our country does not have abundant water resources, and if water is used without considering its management aspect, it can create numerous problems, endangering the country's water reservoirs, especially its groundwater resources, with the risk of drying up. This article has been written with the aim of analyzing the current situation of water resource management and its relationship with the economic sustainability of rural areas. The research is practical in terms of its objective and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method. The statistical population consisted of 28 villages in the Mahvelat district, of which 25% (8 villages) were selected as the sample. The research tool was a questionnaire, which was validated using the Delphi technique, and its reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and confirmed. The spatial distribution of the questionnaire was conducted with 323 samples based on the Cochran formula at the village level of the selected villages. The findings of the One-Sample t-test showed that there is a relationship between the calculated value of water resource management (2.68) and economic sustainable development (3.0324). The results of measuring the correlation between the two components of water resource management and economic sustainable development based on the Pearson, Spearman, and Tau-Kendall methods show that there is a direct correlation between water resource management and the economic sustainability index. Since the level of significance in all three tests is less than 0.05, the tests are significant and reliable. Therefore, this article shows that water resource management leads to the sustainable economic development of rural areas and should be given special attention. Consequently, this research can be used as a basis for developing policies and management programs in the area of water resources and sustainable economic development of rural areas.

Abstract The loyalty of tourists in tourist destinations and attractions has a significant impact on the economic sustainability of the host society and the promotion of the tourism brand. The main purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the factors affecting the loyalty of tourists to rural tourism destinations in the villages of Torghabe and Shandiz City of Razavi Khorasan province. The information of this study was obtained through face-to-face interviews and the completion of 403 questionnaires from tourists in 2022. The results of the study, which were obtained using structural equations, show that the destination image, tourists' experience, and tourists' satisfaction have a significant effect on tourists' loyalty, and the total effect of these two variables is 0.888 and 0.616, respectively. Also, destination image and the experience of the tourists indirectly affect the loyalty of the tourists through the effect on satisfaction, and their indirect effect is 0.545 and 0.31, respectively. Another important result is the significant impact of the destination image on the satisfaction of tourists and the experience of tourists towards the tourist destination, which has an impact factor of 0.884 and 0.808, respectively. In this regard, paying attention to tourists' satisfaction with the required services and facilities can play a significant role in tourists' loyalty. It is also suggested that the texture of the village and its natural landscape as important indicators in the image of rural tourism destinations should be given serious attention by planners, which significantly affects the loyalty of rural tourists.

Abstract Domestic production of livestock inputs is done in villages. But the heavy costs of animal feed production and the droughts of recent years have made domestic production of these products difficult. Since the production of livestock inputs, especially corn, is very water-intensive, the cultivation of these products inside the country is currently not cost-effective, and its import is cost-effective to meet domestic needs. This has caused an increase in the demand for livestock inputs in recent years. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the factors affecting the import of these inputs and its impact on the villages. In this way, it is possible to choose a suitable strategy for importing livestock inputs. Therefore, in this research, the factors affecting the import of livestock inputs and its impact on the country's villages are analyzed. For this purpose, the import of livestock corn and soybean meal from the 4 target countries from which the most imports were made has been investigated. The necessary statistics and information have been collected through the statistics of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, Iran Customs, Iran Statistics Center, Central Bank of Iran and other library sources. According to the econometric issues between economic variables, panel data method has been used in the period of 2001-2023 to estimate the model. According to the results obtained, the increase in tariff (-%0.051), relative price (-%0.076), domestic production of Soybean meal (-%1.95), real exchange rate (-%3.685), real exchange rate fluctuations (-%1.824) and sanctions (-%1.351) have caused a decrease in import demand, and oil income (%0.093471), Income of villagers (0.524) and gross domestic product (2.933) have had a positive and significant effect on imports. It is suggested that the government should adopt the policy of supporting the producers of these products and through increasing the guaranteed purchase price, implementing key plans such as using as much as possible modified and high-yielding seeds, optimal use of water resources to increase the area under cultivation of water products and increase Efficiency in the consumption of other inputs will encourage the villagers to increase the domestic production of these products.

Abstract Mobile banking has many advantages, including reducing banking costs, social costs and environmental pollution, etc. and by increasing the acceptance and orientation of the people, especially the villagers, it can play a significant role in the sustainable development of the regional and national economy. Juibar city is one of the cities of Mazandaran province, where about 60% of its population are rural residents. The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the acceptance of mobile banking among the villagers of Juibar. In the summer of 2023, a sample of 384 people was selected from among the villagers who referred to 15 active bank branches in the city and after distributing the questionnaire, the PLS structural equation model was extracted. The results showed that the perceived usefulness with a relatively strong path coefficient (β=0.312 ,t=6.179), ease of use with a strong path (β=0.421 ,t=11.367), and price with a weak path coefficient (β=0.104 ,t=2.489)had a significant effect on the use of mobile banking among rural customers of banks in Juibar city. Trust (β=0.046 ,t=0.906)and social influence (β=-0.043 ,t=0.983)on the use of mobile banking had no significant effect. From the point of view of the research subjects, according to Likert's five-point spectrum, the current state of ease of use variable is significant and 10% more than the average, the perceived usefulness variable is significant and 13.6% less than the average, the trust variable is significant and 5% less than the average. Average, social influence variable was significant and 6.5% lower than average. In rural areas, considering the distance from the village to the city and the problems of villagers accessing bank branches, the expansion of mobile bank services and the provision of incentives for mobile bank users in villages can have a significant impact on their willingness and acceptance of mobile banking and by reducing Economic and social cost, will increase the physical presence of customers in banks, the welfare of the society.