Rural Development Strategies

Abstract Rural liveability is a crucial concept in the literature of sustainable development, encompassing various dimensions such as economic, social, physical, and environmental aspects. Access to decent jobs and income for rural populations stands out as a key indicator of rural liveability. Therefore, rural entrepreneurship has been emphasized as a means to achieve these indicators. On the other hand, improving rural liveability by creating conducive entrepreneurial environments can pave the way for entrepreneurial development. Thus, rural liveability, as both an objective and a tool for rural entrepreneurship, should be considered a focal point for researchers.This study aims to perform a bibliometric analysis of research in the field of rural liveability and entrepreneurship. The research adopts an applied approach and utilizes documentary methods for data collection. Data were gathered from the Scopus database for the period between 1990 and 2025 using keywords such as "rural liveability," "rural entrepreneurship," and "rural areas," resulting in a collection of 340 documents analyzed through VOSviewer software. The co-occurrence analysis of keywords revealed that most studies have concentrated on rural entrepreneurship, while the topic of liveability has only gained attention since 2021. Additionally, there is a research gap in studies that simultaneously address rural entrepreneurship and liveability. China and the United States are leading countries in this thematic field, while Iran, with 9 scientific documents, ranks 12th among 73 active countries. In terms of co-authorship, China holds the top position, whereas Iran's collaborative efforts with researchers from other countries are notably weak, placing it at 71st rank globally.

Abstract In the past few decades, with the increase in population, industrialization of societies, change in lifestyle and increasing variety of human needs, the amount of production of waste materials has increased with negative effects on human health and the environment. In this regard, the present research was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the problems of rural waste management in the villages of Miami city (1402), in order to have a comprehensive understanding of the obstacles, problems and limitations that cause the unfavorable management of rural waste in the studied area. and this all-round understanding of the current situation is the basis for adopting targeted programs to remove obstacles and correct management of rural waste among the studied villages. This research is practical in terms of the method of collecting field data and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of this study included villagers, council members and residents of villages in Miami city, 380 people were selected using the Cochran formula. Data analysis was done using Spss software in the form of exploratory factor analysis. Currently, rural waste management is very sensitive and significant for improving the living environment of villages and preventing environmental, cultural, social, etc. The results obtained from the exploratory factor analysis showed that in total eight factors of cultural (variance percentage 18.8), sanitary(variance percentage 11.9), disposal management (variance percentage 10.0), facilities and equipment (variance percentage 7.9), awareness (variance percentage 6.1), educational (variance percentage 5.8), inappropriate location (variance percentage 4.9) and environmental (variance percentage 4.6) account for 70% of the total variance of factors related to rural waste management problems. Planning for proper waste management and paying attention to the harmful effects of waste on the environment is one of the essential principles in order to ensure the long-term benefits of sustainable development of the country. In conclusion, composting is proposed as a low-cost and effective solution for managing organic waste in rural communities, increasing public knowledge about waste separation and the importance of recycling through educational programs and information sessions, and developing infrastructure with the aim of reducing environmental impacts, increasing economi,

Abstract Grapes have a special place among the agricultural products of rural households in Sistan due to their important role in the economy of rural households. The Yaqouti grape of Sistan region is welcomed by consumers due to its early maturity and early maturity and has a suitable economic return for rural households in Sistan region. This research aims to analyze the economic and social effects of this product on the villages of Sistan in 1402. This research is based on a combination of descriptive-analytical methods and based on library, documentary and field studies, in which the statistical population of this research is rural households in the region, and based on Cochran and correction formulas, 347 household heads were selected as a random stratified sample size. Arc GIS, SPSS and ARAS model software and Friedman, Kendall and Mann-Whitney statistical tests were used to analyze the data. The results of the ARAS model in examining the severity of the economic and social impacts of Yaqoti grapes on the studied households show that the economic impacts in 16.6% of the households and the social impacts in 71.4% of the households are at a high or very high impact level. Also, based on the test results, the income generation component with an average of 0.023 and the social welfare component with an average of 0.031 respectively have the highest economic and social impacts among the various impacts in each dimension. Based on the results, providing facilities and infrastructure for access to sustainable water resources and its transfer to the villages and gardens of the Sistan region is recommended to remove the existing limitations.

Abstract Today, the choice of decision-making style directly affects the effectiveness of rural development plans. By knowing the characteristics of each of these styles, management institutions can choose the most efficient style according to their local needs and challenges. While the studies show that the decision-making style used in the preparation and implementation of Iran's rural development plans is of low effectiveness, this research was compiled in 1402 to rank decision-making styles based on effectiveness in the preparation and implementation of rural Development plans in Iran. The present research methodology is designed from the philosophy of positivism based on quantitative mode, which is placed in a practical framework with descriptive-explanatory purposes. The data collection method was carried out using the framework of library study and field survey, and the evaluation ranking method based on the distance from the average solution (EDAS) was used to analyze the data. The results obtained from the model show that the participatory decision-making style, with a score of 1, has the highest level of effectiveness in the preparation and implementation of Iran's rural Development plans; the Social decision-making style, with 0857 points, the technical decision-making style with 0.153 points, and authoritarian decision-making style with a minimum score of 0 are ranked next. It is inferred that the participatory decision-making style is more effective than other styles due to having two key features, namely "social outlook" and "accepting a high level of ambiguity" in the decision-making process within rural projects. The participatory decision-making style is more effective than other styles for preparing and implementing Iran's rural Development plans due to the analysis of social contexts, the creation of participation capacity for all stakeholders, and the efficient implementation of rural development programs. Therefore, it is suggested that the planners take advantage of the active participation of all actors, including the villagers, in preparing master plans from preparation to implementation.

Abstract A smart village is a village that uses digital communication, solutions and resources for its development and transformation in order to achieve the goals of sustainable development, and with the characteristic of flexibility, it offers various ways to improve it. In connection with smart growth and smart development, the smart village includes a change in the main way of life of the villagers and then making these areas stable, based on which the development of the smart village leads to the long-term sustainability of the development in the rural areas. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to identify and analyze the drivers of the impact of the smart village approach on the sustainable development of peri-urban settlements in Tehran metropolis within the limits of Islamshahr County. The research method is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology, in such a way that the factors are first identified with the Delphi method and after the validity of its part, it is evaluated by 35 experts on 2023 in the field of information technology and planning and rural development in the form of a questionnaire using the structural analysis method. The results of the research showed that among the 57 key factors of the smart village approach in five economic, social-cultural, physical-physical, environmental and institutional-management sectors affecting the sustainability of peri-urban settlements, 17 factors have been introduced as key drivers, of which five the factor of increasing the transfer of skills and economic capacity building through the digital divide(+10), the use of electronic facilities and the Internet for educational classes to use virtual and distance education(+5), creating a suitable platform for increasing the access of residential units to fixed Internet in the village(+9), increasing attention to consumption management optimizing fuel and energy in villages and increasing villagers' participation in decision-making(+5), implementation and maintenance of projects by direct local managers (+8) have been introduced by experts as the most important critical drivers in the region.

Abstract Climate change, especially changing precipitation patterns, is a challenging reality that affects different sectors of society, including the agricultural sector, which is highly dependent on the weather. This study aimed to predict drought conditions in future periods and compare current water consumption patterns and net water demand of 10 crops in five villages of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province. To model climate change, daily data of minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation, and sunny hours during the period (1986-2022) of the Yasuj and Gachsaran stations were collected from the provincial meteorological organization. Based on these data, the current water consumption pattern was estimated and net water demand of these products was calculated according to the climate of the province. To study drought and change rainfall patterns, three general circulation models that simulate precipitation well in most regions of the country were simulated by the LARS-WG model, then the drought profile was calculated using the ZimaSPI graphic function in MATLAB software. The results of monthly and annual precipitation patterns showed that precipitation in the studied area increases in the coming years, The results of monthly precipitation distribution indicate a decrease in winter precipitation and an increase in precipitation in spring and early autumn, which is often out of reach as the flood. Drought index analysis also indicates an increase in drought continuity and more occurrence of mild droughts. According to the results of precipitation and drought, the irrigation requirements in 5 villages and dryland and irrigated wheat, rainfed and irrigated barley, corn, corn, forage maize, watermelon, potato, onion, alfalfa, clover, and rice were investigated. Four scenarios including an unchanged level of access to water and a reduction of water quota of 10, 20, and 30 percent were used to investigate farmers' behavior. The study of changing water availability scenarios showed that the net water requirement was significantly lower compared to the water consumption pattern. The highest difference was observed in water requirement and amount of water consumed with 298% per rice and the lowest difference in water requirement and water use in clover (13%).

Abstract Tourism, as an industry in long-term and stable interaction with a set of socio-cultural factors, plays an important and undeniable role in rural transformation and development. It is considered one of the most important economic solutions in regional development, serving as a platform for the development of small businesses. Despite the important role of this industry in the development of regions, obstacles and problems have always hindered its sustainable development. In this regard, it is necessary to understand and explain the factors affecting the resilience of tourism businesses for optimal and appropriate management and planning, strengthening their capacity to adapt activities against sudden changes. Therefore, aiming to develop a model of resilience for tourism businesses in the Oramanat region of Kurdistan, the current research has attempted to identify the factors influencing resilience and design a desirable model of resilience. Using qualitative methodology (grounded theory), the current research conducted in the Mexquioda environment extracted necessary information for coding from semi-open questionnaires designed for the expert community (20 people). The findings of the research identified 185 open codes. After removing duplicate codes, 60 conceptual codes were obtained, which were classified into 20 core codes, 12 selection codes, and finally categorized into 6 codes with key roles. The results of the research indicated that the research sample community placed the most emphasis on foresight, which played a strategic role. Following that, positioning from the consequences subgroup, marketing, and capacity measurement from the central code subgroup. Finally, the resilience model of Ormanat tourism business includes causal, central, field, intervening, strategic, and resultant components.

Abstract The aim of the current research is to analyze the key factors affecting the rural-urban Linkages in the food security of the peri-urban rural areas of Dehdasht. The research method is based on the purpose of the applied type and based on its nature, descriptive-analytical and causal-survey with a future research approach. The method of collecting information was through documentary (library, scientific journals) and field (questionnaire) methods in order to extract the key factors of the questionnaire in four Next, including the economic, socio-cultural, informational and infrastructural-institutional factors affecting food security, it was prepared and distributed among the members of the sample community. The sample community of this research consists of 25 experts and specialists. For the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, the opinions of university professors were used, and for its reliability, Cronbach's alpha method was used. For data analysis and structural analysis of the influence of each of the indicators affecting food security, the software (FL MICMAC) was used. The findings of the research have shown that among the 76 investigated factors in four dimensions, 16 key factors include economic links (increasing public and private investment, providing services, facilities and inputs, improving investment in the production of tools and diversifying the income sources of rural households), in the dimension Socio-cultural links (reception of the planning model by rural managers, participation of stakeholders, especially elites, investors, acceptance of change from the attitude and sense of social justice), information links (sharing of information and communication between buyers and sellers, informing of agricultural products and tourist attractions, forming a the competitive environment of food products and improving technological communication with modeling and branding) and institutional infrastructure links (government support to improve the condition of agricultural lands, efforts to improve the condition of roads between urban centers and villages, the establishment of a rural credit fund and the establishment of multi-purpose cooperatives) as key drivers Were identified; And it is expected that with the mentioned drivers, Dehdasht city will be able to take steps towards the food security of rural areas in the form of rural-urban Lnkages.

Abstract Today, water resource management, especially groundwater management, is the basis for sustainable development. Due to climatic conditions, our country does not have abundant water resources, and if water is used without considering its management aspect, it can create numerous problems, endangering the country's water reservoirs, especially its groundwater resources, with the risk of drying up. This article has been written with the aim of analyzing the current situation of water resource management and its relationship with the economic sustainability of rural areas. The research is practical in terms of its objective and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method. The statistical population consisted of 28 villages in the Mahvelat district, of which 25% (8 villages) were selected as the sample. The research tool was a questionnaire, which was validated using the Delphi technique, and its reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and confirmed. The spatial distribution of the questionnaire was conducted with 323 samples based on the Cochran formula at the village level of the selected villages. The findings of the One-Sample t-test showed that there is a relationship between the calculated value of water resource management (2.68) and economic sustainable development (3.0324). The results of measuring the correlation between the two components of water resource management and economic sustainable development based on the Pearson, Spearman, and Tau-Kendall methods show that there is a direct correlation between water resource management and the economic sustainability index. Since the level of significance in all three tests is less than 0.05, the tests are significant and reliable. Therefore, this article shows that water resource management leads to the sustainable economic development of rural areas and should be given special attention. Consequently, this research can be used as a basis for developing policies and management programs in the area of water resources and sustainable economic development of rural areas.

Abstract حفظ امنیت مرزهای کشور ایجاب ‌‌می‌کند جمعیت نواحی مرزی حفظ گردد. از آنجاکه مهم‌ترین دلیل مهاجرت مرزنشینان تنگناهای اقتصادی است، مطالعه حاضر به شناسایی راهبردهای اقتصادی نگهداشت روستاییان در مناطق مرزی‌‌ می پردازد. روش تحقیق توصیفی-تحلیلی بوده و از دو ابزار برنامه‌ریزی استراتژیک SWOT-QSPM استفاده ‌شد. جامعه آماری روستاهای دارای بیش از بیست خانوار در 10 کیلومتری مرز ایران و افغانستان در شهرستان تربت‌جام است. در این مطالعه 34 خبره محلی در 17 روستای مرزی، ماتریس عوامل داخلی را با 48 و عوامل خارجی را با 9 عامل ارزیابی کردند. نتایجSWOT نشان داد برخورداری از شرایط مطلوب دامداری در روستاهای مرزی مهمترین قوت و عدم کارایی تعاونی مرزنشینان و عدم تزریق منافع آن به روستائیان مهمترین ضعف نگهداشت جمعیت در روستاهای مرزی است. در این ماتریس نقاط قوت با 13/2 بر ضعف با 03/1 برتری دارد. در ماتریس خارجی افزایش توجه دولت به ساکنان روستاهای مرزی نسبت به گذشته مهمترین فرصت و تحریم ایران در زمینه‌های متعدد و کاهش مراودات اقتصادی بین دو مرز مهمترین تهدید اقتصادی نگهداشت جمعیت در روستاهای مرزی است. در این ماتریس نقاط فرصت با 12/1 بر ضعف با 02/1 غلبه دارد. با توجه به امتیاز نهایی در ماتریس ارزیابی عوامل داخلی 16/2 و در ماتریس ارزیابی عوامل خارجی 14/1، استراتژی منتخب تدافعی است. به کمک ماتریس QSPM در بین هفت استراتژی‌های تدافعی ارائه‌شده، اولویت اول با افزایش تنوع منابع درآمدی و ایجاد فرصت‌های شغلی غیرزراعی مناسب و درآمدزا در روستاهای مرزی مانند صنایع دستی، گردشگری و توسعه فعالیت‌های بخش خدمات و ... با امتیاز 55/1 است.

Abstract Today, the role of creativity in the world economy and the development process of countries has been assessed as so important and key that creativity has played a significant role in the economic growth and development of the world. On the other hand, the capability of human resources has been able to establish the sustainability of this creativity for different levels of a country. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of capable households on the formation of creative villages. The purpose of the research is applied, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. Data and information were collected in both documentary and field form (questionnaire) in 5 dimensions of village households' capabilities (effectiveness, meaningfulness, competence, trust and right to choose). The statistical population of the research included heads of households in the villages of Roshtkhar Township, which was calculated based on Cochran's formula, and the sample size of 377 households was calculated and distributed randomly. To analyze the data of the methods, the network analysis model (ANP) and statistical analysis, spatial analysis and Super Decisions, GIS, SPSS software have been used. The realization findings show that the indicators of creativity of households (0.9725), job importance (0.9177), personality of households (0.8847) have the highest weight. Therefore, the fitted model is suitable for conducting the research, which shows a linear and direct relationship between the development of the formation of creative villages and capable rural households in the study area. Rural areas in the villages of Roshtkhar Township can be mentioned to provide financial needs from the managers of relevant government and private institutions. In this regard, considering the trend of globalization of villages, it is suggested that the low level of education among households can be a red light for rural planners.

Abstract Housing is one of human’s basic needs and a part of village's identity, and in recent decades, for various reasons, it has become the basis for physical changes in rural settlements. The article emphasizes on the analysis of the physical consequences of rural housing facilities in Khansar County and it is trying to analyze "quality of materials", "structural quality", "native structure of housing" and "quality of standard housing" in rural housing built with the project’s funds. The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey-based. The statistical population is the heads of rural households based on the 2016 census and the number of samples calculated by the Cochran formula is 345 people who were selected by simple random sampling. Also, by using cluster-random sampling method, the number of 18 villages was determined. According to library studies, interviews with Housing Foundation officials and field observations, a questionnaire with 27 questions was designed under the supervision of university experts and distributed and completed among the samples. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha method, based on 40 questionnaires, 0.83, which is at the optimal level. Based on the results obtained from the path analysis of structural equations, in general, rural housing facilities have had an effect on the physical transformations of rural settlements in Khansar with an impact factor of 0.18. Meanwhile, rural housing facilities have an impact factor of 0.31 on "quality of materials", "structural quality" with an impact factor of 0.48, "native structure" with an impact factor of 0.81, and "standard housing" with an impact factor of 0.25 has been effective. Therefore, it is suggested to continue providing facilities with a new approach based on local conditions in rural areas.

Abstract Occurrence of natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes in geographical areas, especially in rural areas, has devastating effects. Such incidents often endanger the health of residents by destroying economic resources and welfare and biological facilities, and those are always a serious threat to the development of rural areas. In this regard, the purpose of this study is the spatial analysis of the extent to which the local community has economic factors affecting resilience against environmental hazards in the villages of Sistan region. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the present study included all heads of households in 373 villages wich had more than 50 households in Sistan region. Using Cochran's formula, 189 household heads were randomly selected as a sample. In order to analyze the data, SPSS, WASPAS and Arc GIS software were used . The results of regression test on the effect of economic factors on the resilience of rural communities in Sistan region indicate that the degree of multiple correlation between Economic factors and resilience is equal to the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.003) which shows that Economic factors have no effect on the productivity of villagers in the Sistan region. Also, the results of WASPAS ranking technique confirm that the villagers located in Nimroz and Helmand counties have the highest rate of economic resilience against natural hazards and the villagers located in Hamoon county have the lowest rate of economic resilience against risks which They are natural.

Abstract Today, water is one of the greatest challenges of the present century and is the source of many changes in the world. Since the distribution of water resources and rainfall is generally disproportionate, storage and transfer on a micro scale, as well as between water basins in the form of water schemes for collection, transmission is necessary for the balanced development of human activities. Therefore, the optimal and correct use of water resources and preventing their loss is very important. The present study seeks to identify the most important effects of small-scale local projects of water control and transfer on the development of rural economy in the territory of Neishabour city and identify the problems facing them. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The number of samples is 165 shares per pool water or dam, which was determined by using formula N0 according to the number of water shareholders. According to the obtained results, the creation of small-scale and local plans to control and transfer water has increased the level of power of the rural economy, especially in the agricultural sector. Because the efficiency and area of agricultural and garden lands have increased significantly after the creation of small-scale and local plans for water control and transfer. There are also problems such as disputes over water sharing, destruction by strangers and lack of capital, poor cooperation between owners and funding, lack of security, surface water management and financial problems in this area

Abstract Tourism, as the largest service industry in the world, is one of the important sources of economic prosperity in job creation, earning foreign exchange earnings, reducing poverty and increasing exchange and social interaction. The purpose of this research is strategic planning for tourism development and its role in rural development, which has been done in Zaras village of Izeh city. The statistical population of the study consists of three groups that using Cochran sampling method, 200 people have been selected as heads of households, 120 for tourists and 20 for officials as a sample. The present study uses field studies and determines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats by SWOT analysis to present strategies and strategies for the development of rural tourism in Zaras and the results show that in tourism planning in Izeh (Zaras village) The first priority is competitive / aggressive strategies (so) and then the review strategy (wt). In fact, competitive and aggressive strategies show that by emphasizing local customs and local culture, increasing boating facilities and tourist safety by increasing government attention in this area will motivate to travel and attract the private sector and to achieve the goals by using These strategies are proposed to strengthen and increase facilities and services along with tourist attractions and resources in order to attract more tourists and create employment and income. The vulnerability threshold of this rural area is very high due to tourism potential and needs serious review and policy presentation. Appropriate arrangements are in place to remove restrictions and barriers.

Abstract The appearance of rural settlements has been based on natural factors such as soil and water. Natural factors have a decisive effect on location, dispersion, range of influence, physical development, morphology, and the like, and these factors sometimes act as a positive factor and sometimes as a negative factor. The purpose of this study is the status of rural settlements in Firoozabad city in relation to natural factors. The statistical population includes rural settlements of Firoozabad city. This city has two parts and 5 rural districts. The method studied in this research is the fuzzy TOPSIS method, which is one of the best decision-making methods based on fuzzy variables. The information used includes altitude, slope, direction, climate, vegetation, soil, erosion, land use, which have been analyzed in GIS environment. Findings show that the central part with the most villages has the weakest performance compared to natural factors and Ahmadabad rural district is in the first place with 95% The second part of the city is related to a part of Meymand that has performed better in terms of natural factors so that most of the villages in the city are in a better condition in this part. In general, rural settlements in the north and northwest of Firoozabad are in a better situation. While the situation of rural settlements in the southern and central parts of the city is unsuitable. Be in an awkward position. Therefore, it demands that the potential and capacity of rural settlements in the city be well studied and in proportion to the existing talents in the region, to introduce, plan and implement alternative livelihood programs for the agro-livestock economy that is currently and has destroyed this situation.

Abstract Population growth, information technology changes, climate change, quantitative and qualitative changes in water and economic developments of the 21st century have greatly affected the rural economy. So that managing the rural economy against these changes and shocks requires recognizing the dynamic capacity of its constituents. The research method is based on the purpose of the user and the type is descriptive and analytical. This research was conducted in 1398 with the aim of researching the sustainability of the rural economy of the central district of Urmia. The method of collecting is documentary and field information. The statistical population of the study was 9305 households from which 385 people were selected as a sample through Cochran's formula. The sampling method was simple random. Data collection tool was a questionnaire based on variables (agricultural economy, services and industry) in Likert scale. The results show that services and industry activities have contributed to the dynamics of the rural economy that have been somehow dependent on agriculture. Tourism and nature tourism in the services, handicrafts and leather and furniture industries are heavily dependent on farming and livestock activities, which, in the eyes of the people, drive the economy of the village. In these activities, production, cost and production diversification have made a major contribution to the sustainability of the rural economy, ensuring that the rural economy in the region is sustained.

Abstract Recently, special attention has been paid to the role of culture in the sustainable development ‎of society. Individuals and societies have their own values, meanings, customs and knowledge ‎systems. However, such features are often overlooked in development planning. The purpose ‎of this study is to analyze the risk of cultural literacy in rural areas in the spiritual capital of ‎rural landscape of Lorestan province. The research method of this article is in the framework ‎of library and documentary studies, and Dimatel cause and effect tool was used to analyze the ‎information. On the cultural literacy of the villages, the factors of professional and ‎ethnocentric algebra beliefs with a weight coefficient of 1.296 and 0.848, respectively, as ‎influential factors, and on the other hand, the factors of spatial perception and knowledge, ‎insight and skill with a weight coefficient of 229, respectively. 1- and 077 / 1- have been ‎considered as the most effective criteria among the effective indicators on cultural literacy risk ‎among villages. Based on this, the factors of professional and ethnocentric beliefs are ‎identified and identified as causes and factors of spatial perception and knowledge, insight and ‎skill, spatial perception and values and norms under the name of factors in the field of ‎spiritual capital. Became.‎

Abstract Natural hazards such as floods are one of the most damaging phenomena that require more attention. Villages exposed to flooding, such as Zoshk, should be more stable in order to minimize possible flood risks and damages. One of the pivotal strategies currently under consideration for mitigating flood damages is enhancing the resilience of communities, a focus that has been thoroughly assessed in this research. The research method is descriptive-analytical "survey" and the statistical population is 728 households living in Zoshk village. According to the number of 728 households in Zoshk villages, the sample size was estimated to be 102, using Cochran's formula, therefore the number of 102 questionnaires were prepared in the form of a 5-point Likert scale. questionnaires, the overall resilience of the Data analysis was carried out using Excel and SPSS software. To determine the level of normality of the data, skewness and kurtosis tests were used, and to answer the research hypothesis, one-sample t-test was used. The results of the research showed that the resilience of Zoshk village is average according to the opinion of the majority of the residents of the region and in between, the infrastructural, institutional and organizational dimensions, and economic, varies from the average and the amount of these dimensions are less than the average, means they are in an unfavorable situation. The dimension of social resilience is higher than the average and has a favorable condition.

Abstract Following the intensification and duration of the drought period in Iran and the occurrence of acute water shortage problems, drought risk management especially in rural areas has doubled. A variety of methods, including the Markov chain, are used to predict the likelihood of drought. In this study, the drought situation of rural areas were studied in Sistan and Baluchestan province according to the monthly rainfall data of six stations of Iranshahr, Chabahar, Khash, Zabol, Zahedan and Saravan stations using the standardized precipitation index method (SPI) in time scales of 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 months. The results showed that the cities of Zahedan, Chabahar, Zabol, Saravan, and Khash in the long term in 11.49, 35.14, 35.13, 11.62 and 35.13% of the times were in a dry situation, respectively. Zahedan, Chabahar, Zabol, Saravan, and Khash stations in 77.2 59.46, 62.17, 75.68 and 59.46% of the times were in normal condition and in 11.49, 5.40, 2.70, 2.70 and 5.41% of the times were in wet conditions, respectively. The results also showed that on average, the probability of equilibrium of dry, wet and normal periods in the stations of the province is 29, 5 and 66%, respectively. In other words, the region is in normal climatic conditions, while the probability of occurrence of dry conditions is almost six times that of wet conditions. The most severe drought in Sistan and Baluchestan province in 2008 with an SPI coefficient of -2.8 and the most severe drought in the province in 1995 with an SPI coefficient of +0.08 occurred. The general results showed that the changes in the SPI index have a negative trend and the creation of a comprehensive risk management system is essential.

Abstract Population growth, along with the development of industry and agriculture, has led to an increase in water consumption. Limited surface water resources have led to over-harvesting of groundwater aquifers and has had irreparable consequences for the country's water resources and environment, including the subsidence phenomenon, which has covered most of the country's plains. The present research aims to identify the effective factors and areas at risk of subsidence in Fadafan village of Kashmar. For risk zoning, during 2019, the lithology, land use, Petrology, aquifer Extraction rate, Distance from the stream, Fault, exploitation wells, springs and aqueducts factors as well as geomorphological factors including slope, direction and height studied and each factor turned into an information layer, then modeling and evaluation were performed using random forest algorithm in R software. Then, to determine the areas prone to subsidence, risk zoning maps in five classes were extracted using two methods of information value and area density in ArcGIS environment. The results showed that in the methods of area density and information value, 97.01 and 91.04% of subsidence were in the very- high and high-risk class, respectively. Therefore, both methods have been successful in risk zoning. Also, the aquifer extraction and land use factors are most important in subsidence. Also based on the ROC curve, random forest algorithm with very high accuracy (93%) has provided good results in prioritizing and the importance of effective factors in subsidence. The southern part of the region with rangeland use, has the highest and irrigated agriculture in the region has the lowest risk in the spatial development of land subsidence.As a result, aquifer recharge management by spreading floods and reducing water extraction in the southern part of the region can be effective and practical in reducing the risk of occurrence and development of subsidence.

Abstract Pistacia vera is one of the important economic crops of Iran and the world. Climate is considered as the main limitation in plant expansion. In this regard, CLIMEX is one of the most advanced software for predicting the range of distribution of plant species. CLIMEX software was used to study the distribution of Pistacia vera for present and possible future climate condition.There are three groups of geographically restrictive variables for each species in this software: Growth indices, Stress indices, Limiting conditions. Potential distribution maps were prepared for the different continents for current and future climate situations. According to the results, Pistacia vera have the potential to be cultivated in countries such as Iran, parts of East China, Central Asia, the Republic of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, parts of southwestern Russia, Ukraine, Turkey and the United States. According to Climax maps, parts of China, Turkey, the United States, and parts of Eastern Europe will be prone to Pistacia vera cultivation with climate change. In Iran, it was predicted that the climate change of cultivation and expansion of this crop will be limited in the southern parts of Khorasan and Kerman provinces and on the other hand, western and northwestern regions in Iran will be prone to cultivation and expansion of this crop.The results of this study can be an effective aid in identifying areas prone to Pistacia vera cultivation and its management in the context of climate change for agricultural sector.

Abstract The use of digital technology has influenced the formation of the creative village as a new approach in using the existing capabilities and reviving the capacities of the village. The present study was conducted to analyze the impact of digital technology on the infrastructure of the creative village of suburban settlements in Mashhad. Research Method In the present study, descriptive-analytical and its type are fundamental in terms of purpose and documentary and field methods have been used to collect information. The statistical population of the present study includes 8 villages around the metropolis of Mashhad, which have a rural ICT office, a population of over 1000 households and are located near the city of Mashhad. According to the total number of households in the sample community (N 20813 households) and with 0.07% error in Cochran's formula, the sample size was calculated equal to 194 households that were selected from the rural community by systematic random method. Spatial analysis of the main variables was performed using FGRA and MABAC models that the villages of Gorji Sofla, Hosseinabad Gharghi and Dehroud have the highest, and the villages of Kal Zarkesh and Chahar Borj have the lowest level of use of digital technology services (RICT) and creative village infrastructure. In order to investigate the effect of digital technology (RICT) on "creative rural infrastructure", while confirming the positive correlation and significance of these two variables with Pearson correlation test, the results of structural equation modeling with partial least squares technique (PLS) show that the dimension "Awareness of RICT services" considering the direct and indirect effects, with a coefficient of 0.755, had a greater impact on the infrastructure of the creative village in the sample settlements. In general, according to the value of the coefficient of determination (R2) for the variable of creative rural infrastructure (0.969), it was determined that the impact of rural digital technology (RICT) on creative rural infrastructure is strong.

Abstract One of the most important plans and programs of the government for organizing and developing villages in the country is to prepare a pilot plan. The aim of this study was to investigate and analyze the consequences of implementing a rural pilot project in order to improve the quality of life of the local community in Rashtkhar. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In this study, the sampling method was random and the sample size was determined by Cochran's formula (320 households in the study area). Data were collected through field studies (questionnaire, observation: selected and researcher-made indicators) and using library studies. To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, using Cronbach's alpha method with a rate of 0.830, the data for the research showed that it was satisfactory. SPSS software was used for data analysis. The Vickor model was also used to investigate the spatial distribution among the villages in which the pilot project was implemented. Findings indicate that the average effects of the master plan on the quality of life of rural areas studied in the one-sample test at the intermediate level (3). Also in the combined multiple regression model, the role of factors and dimensions affecting the quality of life of rural households from the consequences of the pilot project and its development in Rashtkhar district, showed that all six dimensions of physical, infrastructure, environmental, social, economic, cultural are significant. According to the Vicor technique, the villages of Fathabad and Saadatabad with the highest rank with 0.16 and 0.20, respectively, and the villages of Rouhabad and Andanjard with the rate of 0.96 and 0.80 with the lowest rank in terms of improving the quality of life from the performance. Hadi plans are more than other villages.

Abstract Today, governance passes through the realm of government and faces many problems and has no choice but to get rid of them. Governance must be able to establish partnership and cooperation between all the forces influencing the management of society, namely governments, the private sector and grassroots organizations. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the causal pattern of criteria affecting good governance. The present study is applied according to its purpose, and based on descriptive-causal method. The statistical sample of the study consisted of 30 experts and specialists related to rural management and rural planning. In order to achieve the research goal, fuzzy dimethyl technique was used. Findings of the study showed that among the eight criteria of good governance, the criterion of participation and legality were the most effective and the criteria of efficiency and effectiveness were the most effective criteria of good governance. The criterion of participation was also identified as the most important criterion of good governance.