Original Research
Rural Development
mokarram ravanbakhsh; Tooba Abedi
Abstract
Ecosystem threatment assessment is essential to monitoring, evaluating, and developing appropriate environmental management strategies. Amirkelayeh international wildlife refuge with an area of 1230 hectares is located in the Shirjoopasht village belonging to Rudbaneh section, Lahijan city, and Giulan ...
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Ecosystem threatment assessment is essential to monitoring, evaluating, and developing appropriate environmental management strategies. Amirkelayeh international wildlife refuge with an area of 1230 hectares is located in the Shirjoopasht village belonging to Rudbaneh section, Lahijan city, and Giulan province. In this research, first, library resources and the Amirkelayeh wetland ecosystem management plan (2020) were used to compile the criteria and sub-criteria of the research. 30 wetland stakeholders participated in the plan development. To extract and explain wetland problems a questionnaire with basic criteria was designed and sent to 15 experts. In the next step, the opinions of the experts were measured in terms of normality with the help of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Finally, using these components, the problems were analyzed using the method Fuzzy Delphi were ranked. The results of the ranking of the sub-criteria showed that the entrance of invasive species and the growth and decomposition of plant species with a score of 0.38 in the biological criteria, the reduction of the depth and surface of the wetland also, and the fertilizers and pesticide pollution in the physicochemical criteria with a score of 0.21 and 0.20 respectively had the highest ranks. Increasing the farming lands around the wetland with a score of 0.19, unsustainable water resources exploitation, and local communities’ economic issues with a score of 0.18 were identified as the most important economic sub-criteria. Illegal hunting with a score of 0.11 and lack of collaboration among stakeholders in wetland management with a score of 0.10 was the most important social sub-criteria, and finally, lack of awareness of local communities, managers, and stakeholders with scores of 0.31 and 0.30, respectively was the most important cultural sub-criteria. The use of other methods for quantification of wetland- threatening factors will be fruitful in achieving more accurate and complete results for the more successful implementation of the Amirkelayeh wetland ecosystem management plan and achieving sustainable development in villages around the wetland.
Original Research
Agri Eco.
mina salehnia; mohsen rafati
Abstract
One of the measures that can be taken in crisis management of Lake Urmia is to measure the impacts of the drying up of the lake on the rurals income in the basin. Assessing impacts in local dimensions is important because of identifying the ability of areas involved in environmental crises to deal with ...
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One of the measures that can be taken in crisis management of Lake Urmia is to measure the impacts of the drying up of the lake on the rurals income in the basin. Assessing impacts in local dimensions is important because of identifying the ability of areas involved in environmental crises to deal with them. Also, using the results of measuring this important factor can lead to the adoption of appropriate livelihood policies to reduce vulnerability. In this regard, the present study investigated factors affecting the income of rural households in Urmia lake basin using panel data in the three provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan and Kurdistan. Utilizing the data of the period of 2006-2019 and estimating the model using the fixed effects approach showed that percentage of working people of the active rural population, the area of irrigated land, the level of Lake Urmia, and annual rainfall respectively have the most positive effects on the real annual income. So that for one percent increase in the value of each of these variables, the real income will increase by 0.269, 0.186, 0.074 and 0.006 percent respectively. Taking support measures for the construction of greenhouses, investing in non-agricultural businesses in order to diversify the income and livelihood resources of the villagers, expanding mechanization and the use of new technologies in the agricultural sector Land equipping with new irrigation systems, and speeding up the completion of projects approved by the lake restoration headquarters are the suggestions of the present study.
Original Research
Agricultural Extension and Education
javad ghasemi; hasan alipour; Neda Alizadeh
Abstract
The linkage between research and extension has always been considered as one of the most important and challenging issues in agricultural innovation systems. After the implementation of the agricultural extension new system, the linkage between these two sectors was considered as an important component. ...
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The linkage between research and extension has always been considered as one of the most important and challenging issues in agricultural innovation systems. After the implementation of the agricultural extension new system, the linkage between these two sectors was considered as an important component. The main purpose of this survey research (which was done in 2021-2022) was to analyzing effective linkage mechanisms between research and extension in the agricultural extension new system in Iran. The statistical population of the study consisted of extension agents (N= 1113) in Alborz, Fars, Sistan & Baluchestan and Lorestan Provinces, out of whom 291 extension agents determined as sample using Krejcie and Morgan sampling table and proportionate stratified sampling technique. Data were collected through a questionnaire, validity of which was approved by a panel of experts and construct validity (AVE Index). Reliability of the questionnaire was approved by calculating the Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability (CR). The collected data were analyzed by SPSS22 and Smart PLS3 software. Results of prioritizing effective linkage mechanisms between research and extension indicated that "motivation" and "monitoring and evaluation" mechanisms, respectively, with the average of 3.85 and 3.80 were in the highest ranks and "structural-functional" and "participatory" mechanisms, respectively, with the average of 3.66 and 3.67 were in the lowest ranks. In addition, the results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that these mechanisms had eight components (i.e. motivation, participation, infrastructure-support, legal-policy, structural-functional, monitoring - evaluation, communication and training-empowerment), that “motivation” and “communication” components had the highest and lowest values of standard coefficient (0.964 and 0.786). Accordingly, it is recommended to improve the linkage between research and extension through: motivation, participation in the multilevel planning process, using the capacities of the non-governmental sector, training and empowerment programs, structural reforms, providing the necessary facilities and infrastructure and use of information and communication technology.
Original Research
Rural Development
Alireza Jamshidi; Davood Jamini; Masomeh Jamshidi
Abstract
The development of rural entrepreneurship is the key to solving various problems in the country's rural communities, including unemployment, poverty, food insecurity, migration, social anomalies, etc. The study aimed at investigating the focal correlation between entrepreneurship indicators (X variables ...
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The development of rural entrepreneurship is the key to solving various problems in the country's rural communities, including unemployment, poverty, food insecurity, migration, social anomalies, etc. The study aimed at investigating the focal correlation between entrepreneurship indicators (X variables including success, …) on sustainable rural development (Y variables including social sustainability, economic sustainability…) in rural areas west of Urmia Lake (in 2020-2021) to determine the variability between the two sets of variables. The statistical population of the study includes all households living on the western shore of Urmia Lake (N = 17738), of which 374 sample (households) were selected using Cochran's formula and multi-stage stratified sampling with proportional assignment. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed using face validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (Between 0.703 and 0.836). In this research, in order to investigate the objectives of the study, Canonical Correlation Analysisand Spearman's correlation coefficient were performed using SPSS software. The results of Canonical Correlation Analysis showed that there is a good linear combination between the set of focal variables of rural entrepreneurship indicators and the components of sustainable rural development in the studied areas. Also, the canonical correlation analysis of two significant sets showed that creativity (0.833) and self-confidence (0.898) have a significant relationship with economic stability (0.835) and physical stability (0.982). In other words, it can be concluded that by improving the situation of factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas, we can see sustainable rural development. Therefore, it can be suggested to increase skills such as self-reliance, self-confidence, creativity, responsibility, etc. among the villagers through holding various training classes.
Original Research
Geography and plan
Asghar Norouzi; Behruz Gharani Arani; Ahmad Azimi
Abstract
Housing is one of human’s basic needs and a part of village's identity, and in recent decades, for various reasons, it has become the basis for physical changes in rural settlements. The article emphasizes on the analysis of the physical consequences of rural housing facilities in Khansar ...
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Housing is one of human’s basic needs and a part of village's identity, and in recent decades, for various reasons, it has become the basis for physical changes in rural settlements. The article emphasizes on the analysis of the physical consequences of rural housing facilities in Khansar County and it is trying to analyze "quality of materials", "structural quality", "native structure of housing" and "quality of standard housing" in rural housing built with the project’s funds. The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey-based. The statistical population is the heads of rural households based on the 2016 census and the number of samples calculated by the Cochran formula is 345 people who were selected by simple random sampling. Also, by using cluster-random sampling method, the number of 18 villages was determined. According to library studies, interviews with Housing Foundation officials and field observations, a questionnaire with 27 questions was designed under the supervision of university experts and distributed and completed among the samples. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha method, based on 40 questionnaires, 0.83, which is at the optimal level. Based on the results obtained from the path analysis of structural equations, in general, rural housing facilities have had an effect on the physical transformations of rural settlements in Khansar with an impact factor of 0.18. Meanwhile, rural housing facilities have an impact factor of 0.31 on "quality of materials", "structural quality" with an impact factor of 0.48, "native structure" with an impact factor of 0.81, and "standard housing" with an impact factor of 0.25 has been effective. Therefore, it is suggested to continue providing facilities with a new approach based on local conditions in rural areas.
Original Research
Agricultural Extension and Education
Mortrza Yaqubi; Ali Sardar Shahraki; Alireza Karbasi
Abstract
Although Sistan and Baluchestan Province is renowned for its handicrafts and has the potential to contribute significantly to the local economy, the industry has not yet met expectations. The downturn in demand in the handicraft market has not only eroded the incentive to enter this industry, ...
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Although Sistan and Baluchestan Province is renowned for its handicrafts and has the potential to contribute significantly to the local economy, the industry has not yet met expectations. The downturn in demand in the handicraft market has not only eroded the incentive to enter this industry, but also made some people unemployed in this area and had other side effects, such as an increase in rural-to-city migration and the lack of production of some handicrafts. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to evaluate and rate barriers to market development in the handicraft cooperatives of this province. The present research is applied and quantitative and the required information has been extracted using questionnaires and interviews with activists and experts of this field in Sistan and Baluchestan province. A total of 40 questionnaires were collected in 2022 and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results show that the limited holding of national or international exhibitions of handicrafts, investors' unwillingness to invest in handicrafts due to restrictive mechanisms and inadequate public propaganda to recognize the effects of handicrafts (especially tourists) are the most important barriers to the development of handicraft market are. The lack of design and use of integrated and scientific marketing systems for selling products by manufacturing companies, and the inability to sell handmade products directly by manufacturers, are also serious barriers to the lack of development of the province's handicraft market. However, the mismatch of provincial handicraft production with consumer tastes, diversity and product attractiveness is not a serious obstacle to the development of crafts markets.
Original Research
Tourism
bahram imani; omid hamid naneh karan
Abstract
This research was done in the year 2021 and is based on its applied purpose and in terms of its analytical and exploratory nature. The method of data collection, according to the nature of the research study, is both library and field. Qualitative data was collected through an open questionnaire and ...
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This research was done in the year 2021 and is based on its applied purpose and in terms of its analytical and exploratory nature. The method of data collection, according to the nature of the research study, is both library and field. Qualitative data was collected through an open questionnaire and document review. Quantitative data was prepared numerically and by weighting the Delphi questionnaire. In such a way that first the indicators were collected in different dimensions, and then they were provided to specialists and experts. In order to identify driving and key variables, the model of mutual effects has been used in the form of Mic Mac software. In the next step, after identifying the key factors, 30 experts were asked to assign a score of 0 to 3 to the indicators based on their degree of influence in the framework of the matrix of mutual effects. the results showed that six variables were in independent positions, two variables were input variables, two were dependent variables, and two were in binary positions. Also, the factor of planned tourism in the villages, whose direct impact was 24, as the input factor with the highest determining power in the first place, is the key driver for the development of tourism in the villages of Nair City from the expert panel's point of view. Also, environmental protection, residential facilities, and health facilities of the village were in second place with an impact rate of 17. In this regard, it is suggested to develop a codified programme for the development of rural tourism according to the powers and potentials of the region. In such a way that the development of the tourism industry in rural areas is studied as a new strategy by local communities, political agents, and planners who are considered important factors in the reform of rural areas and can play a major role in the development of these areas.
Original Research
Rural Development
Asgar Hosseinzadeh; Mehdi Moameri; Ardavan ghorbani; Raoof Mostafazadeh; Morteza Mofidi Chalan
Abstract
Due to the proximity to natural resources and the environment around them, the villages are most affected by the environment and are of great importance. The improper rural development poses enormous environmental challenges such as degradation of rangelands and forests, overexploitation of soil and ...
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Due to the proximity to natural resources and the environment around them, the villages are most affected by the environment and are of great importance. The improper rural development poses enormous environmental challenges such as degradation of rangelands and forests, overexploitation of soil and water resources and threats to wildlife. Of course, the distribution pattern and accessibility to service-based infrastructural indicators indicates the growth and development of rural areas and the attitude towards decentralized planning in the country. This research was carried out in 2022 with the aim of identifying and rank rank service-based infrastructure indicators based on services, in the northern villages of Ardabil province, using a variety of prioritization methodologies. The research method is descriptive-analytical and applied, according to the nature and purpose of the research. 15 indicators with appropriate level of validity and consensus of executive experts and academic experts were selected to measure the infrastructure in the region. According to the results, the highest rate related to the index of access to electricity is in the villages of Meshgin Shahr with a value of 86.71% and the lowest rate related to the index of access to agricultural machinery repair shop is in Garmi city with a value of 3.86. In general, the results showed that Dasht village in Meshginshahr city was at the first level compared to other villages (Ci=0.693) and Eastern Qashlaq village in Beileswar city was at the last level (Ci=0.497). Therefore, it is suggested that while locating rural areas at different levels, especially the level of access to existing facilities, the strengthening of village facilities and expansion of infrastructure and welfare services should be prioritized.
Original Research
Agri Eco.
Fatemeh Moazzezi; Saeed Yazdani
Abstract
Today, in order to provide food security and respond to the increasing demand due to population growth, most countries, including Iran, have paid special attention to wheat production. The adoption of incentive policies by governments to increase the production of this product has led to the widespread ...
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Today, in order to provide food security and respond to the increasing demand due to population growth, most countries, including Iran, have paid special attention to wheat production. The adoption of incentive policies by governments to increase the production of this product has led to the widespread use of various production inputs, including chemical fertilizers, which have the possibility of soil and water pollution. The increase of these pollutions has caused a change of attitude in the field of food production. One of the most important of these attitudes is the sustainable production of sufficient food along with attention to social, economic and environmental dimensions. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to optimize and increase the environmental efficiency and cost in the consumption of chemical fertilizer inputs. For this purpose, this study has investigated the cost and environmental efficiency of wheat farmers in Gachsaran using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The required data were obtained using simple random sampling method and completing the questionnaire from the farmers of Lishter Plain in Gachsaran in 2018. The results showed that the average cost efficiency under the assumption of constant return to scale and variable return to scale is 0.536 and 0.662, respectively, and the average environmental efficiency is 0.569 and 0.691, respectively. Therefore, the improvement in technical efficiency can significantly reduce production costs and environmental inefficiencies for farmers. Therefore, it is recommended that the government, in addition to training farmers in the optimal use of chemical inputs, by applying support policies, encourages wheat farmers towards organic cultivation and production so that while providing their income, a healthier product reaches the hands of consumers and improves their environmental performance.
Original Research
Rural Development
mahnaz mohamadzadeh nasirabadi; mahbobeh hasani; tahereh sharghi
Abstract
Today, the issue of health and food quality is one of the challenges facing communities and organic farming as an alternative to conventional agriculture, is growing and expanding rapidly and in the near future the most important and main feature of the presence of agricultural products in global markets. ...
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Today, the issue of health and food quality is one of the challenges facing communities and organic farming as an alternative to conventional agriculture, is growing and expanding rapidly and in the near future the most important and main feature of the presence of agricultural products in global markets. , The supply of products will be free of chemical and organic compounds. This study aims to analyze the components of organic agriculture development from the perspective of agricultural jihad experts in Tehran province. In terms of nature, it is a quantitative research, in terms of the degree of control of variables, it is non-experimental, and in terms of purpose, it is part of applied research and has been done by descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population was all experts of agricultural jihad in Tehran Province who had been employed for at least one year before the research and their number was 200 people. Morgan's table was used to estimate the sample sizes (127 people) that were selected by simple random sampling. In the current research, the main tool for data collection was a questionnaire, which was used to calculate the reliability of the questionnaires, using Cronbach's alpha method and using Spss statistical software. (α=0.94). In this research, in the descriptive analysis section, statistical methods such as frequency distribution, mean, standard deviation, profile, median, etc., and in the inferential analysis section, factor analysis method has been used. The results show that various components have an impact on the development process of organic agriculture, which during factor analysis in five categories of economic-supportive components (9.653), educational-knowledge (7.799), technical-promotional (7.766), institutional- Legal (7.152) and research-propaganda (4.258) were summarized, which explained a total of 61.048% of the variance of organic agriculture development components. Therefore, the development of organic agriculture requires factors that require a proper combination of each at the right time and place.
Original Research
Geography and plan
zahra keikha; javad Bazrafshan; sirous ghanbari; Aleme Keikha
Abstract
Occurrence of natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes in geographical areas, especially in rural areas, has devastating effects. Such incidents often endanger the health of residents by destroying economic resources and welfare and biological facilities, and those are always a serious threat ...
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Occurrence of natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes in geographical areas, especially in rural areas, has devastating effects. Such incidents often endanger the health of residents by destroying economic resources and welfare and biological facilities, and those are always a serious threat to the development of rural areas. In this regard, the purpose of this study is the spatial analysis of the extent to which the local community has economic factors affecting resilience against environmental hazards in the villages of Sistan region. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the present study included all heads of households in 373 villages wich had more than 50 households in Sistan region. Using Cochran's formula, 189 household heads were randomly selected as a sample. In order to analyze the data, SPSS, WASPAS and Arc GIS software were used . The results of regression test on the effect of economic factors on the resilience of rural communities in Sistan region indicate that the degree of multiple correlation between Economic factors and resilience is equal to the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.003) which shows that Economic factors have no effect on the productivity of villagers in the Sistan region. Also, the results of WASPAS ranking technique confirm that the villagers located in Nimroz and Helmand counties have the highest rate of economic resilience against natural hazards and the villagers located in Hamoon county have the lowest rate of economic resilience against risks which They are natural.
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