Rural Development Strategies

Abstract The first step in forest protection is to assess the livelihood dependence of the people of the region on the forest and identify the factors affecting this dependence. In this regard, the present research was conducted with the aim of investigating and analyzing the dependency of rural communities on the Zagros forests in the rural areas of Abdanan County in the year 2024. Accordingly, quantitative paradigm and descriptive-correlation method were used. The statistical population in the present study was all the active population living in the rural areas of Abdanan County, using the sampling table of Bartlett et al., 209 of them were selected for the study by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The tool of data collection in this research was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by using face and content validity method and its reliability was confirmed by Kudur-Richardson method. In order to analyze the collected data, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were used in SPSSwin26 software. The findings of the study showed that the majority (72.2%) of the studied villagers depended on Zagros forests at an average level. Also, the results of the regression analysis showed that the variables of the diversity of income sources (β=-0.34), the amount of assets (β=-0.27), the amount of income (β=-.024) and access to the sales market (β=0.16) are predictors for the dependency of rural communities on the Zagros forests; in such a way that the coefficient of determination for these four variables is generally equal to 0.178. Considering these findings, it is suggested that the government should plan and implement support and employment creation projects in villages on the edge of forests to improve the livelihood and income of the people in these areas and consequently increase their income and assets in order to reduce their dependence on forest resources. In fact, the results of this research, in addition to filling the gap in studies on the livelihood dependence of rural communities on forests, can be used by government and private policymakers as a guide for better management and planning of the livelihood dependence of rural communities on forests.

Abstract In developing countries, one-size-fits-all policies often lead to harming the poor and vulnerable. The demand for different food groups in urban and rural areas and income groups is different, and changes in food prices can have different effects on different social and geographical groups and also have different consequences for poverty and food insecurity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of food demand in Iran for 14 food groups during 2019 and 2020 using almost ideal second order demand systems. For this purpose, the raw data of Iran Statistics Center has been used and the data required for the estimation process was extracted by coding the mentioned raw data in Excel and STATA software was used to check the purpose of the study. The results of the study showed that the elasticity of expenditure of food groups increased in 2020 compared to 2019, and the average monthly expenditure of all food groups increased significantly in 2020 compared to 2019, which is due to the lack of change or insignificant change in the budget share. These groups, this change can be seen as caused by inflation; These results show a decrease in the well-being of households. Although bread and grains are the main food items of rural households, but considering the consumption pattern of rural households, the production of other food items should be increased and control inflation to solve the problem of food security.

Abstract Agricultural insurance is one of the most important mechanisms for dealing with agricultural risks and reducing financial losses and is considered a lever for agricultural development. This study aimed to identify and explain strategies for developing wheat crop insurance from the perspective of part-time farmers and agricultural insurance experts during the 2022 crop year in Kurdistan province. The study is non-experimental in terms of variable control, survey in strategy, applied in purpose, and cross-sectional in time, conducted at a specific point. The statistical population comprised two groups: dry-land wheat farmers (N = 67,486) and agricultural insurance experts (N = 309). G-Power software was used to compute the sample size in the farming community, based on which a sample of 165 was selected. As an assumption for this sampling procedure, farmers' opinions were utilized to characterize the state of crop insurance and assess the importance and priority of insurance development strategies. Additionally, 91 agricultural insurance experts and insurers were chosen as a sample by simple random sampling to provide their thoughts on insurance alternatives. In this study, the main data collection tool was a questionnaire with a Cronbach's alpha value of α = 0.7. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis regarding identifying and explaining strategies for developing dry farming wheat insurance indicated that, in both studied groups, the policy-regulatory strategies (β=0.945; 0.957), evaluation (β=0.844; 0.644), educational-informational strategies (β=0.844; 0.768), administrative (β=0.829; 0.829), and competitive-supervisory strategies (β=0.705; 0.519) were confirmed. Furthermore, a comparison of perspectives showed that, from the viewpoint of both groups, policy-regulatory strategies, with beta coefficients of 0.945 and 0.975, were the most important strategy for developing dry farming wheat insurance. Therefore, it is recommended that the government create necessary legal and executive frameworks to formulate supportive policies (such as tax exemptions and subsidies) and employ a participatory insurance model (public-private) while maintaining its role as a re insurer to enhance insurance in the agricultural sector.

Abstract Tourism development can have positive and negative economic and social impacts. Therefore, it is important to manage and control the impacts of tourism in order to reduce negative and strengthen the positive impacts. The current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the economic and social impacts of tourism in Dena County in 2021. The statistical population of this study was composed of 1473 household heads living in tourism and non-tourism target villages of Dena County that with the help of Bartlett's sampling table, 111 and 80 households (191 households in total) were selected as samples, respectively. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that its face validity was verified using subject matter specialists' opinions. According to the findings, the economic and social status of the residents of tourist villages and non-tourist villages before the development of change studies were almost similar. In the current economic and social situation, residents of tourist villages (Mean: 2.97, SD: 0.21) are significantly more than residents of non-tourist villages (Mean: 2.67, SD: 0.25). Also, the economic and social status of residents in touristic villages at present was evaluated better than before the development of tourism, so that after the development of tourism, the average economic and social status of residents of touristic villages (Mean: 2.97, SD: 0.21) compared to before the development of tourism (Mean: 2.75, SD: 0.26), it has increased significantly. In general, it can be concluded that the positive effect of tourism development on the economic and social situation of the studied area is evident. Based on the findings of this research, paying more attention to the investment in rural tourism can lead to the improvement of the economic situation of the residents.

Abstract Not accounting for the market value of numerous environmental functions and services has led to a lack of attention toward their preservation and development, ultimately paving the way for their gradual destruction. Hajij village, situated in Paveh city within Kermanshah province, boasts a variety of tourist attractions, entertainment venues, and revered religious sites that draw many visitors each year. However, no entrance fee is charged for accessing its recreational areas. Accordingly, this study examined the factors influencing the probability of willingness to pay the entrance fee by the visitors of this area using Heckman's two-step method, to be used as a basis for determining the entrance fee for utilizing the tourism services of the village. The data for this study were collected by completing questionnaire using face-to-face interviews with 170 visitors to Hajij village in March 2024. Simple random sampling was used to select the sample, and the number of sample members was determined using the Cochran formula. The results showed that the marginal effect of the variables of age, livelihood dependence on the region, and the importance of religious places on the probability of visitors' willingness to pay was 0.01, 0.38, and 0.13, respectively. Also, the marginal effect of importance of the global registration of the area on visitors' willingness to pay was 0.17, and the marginal effect of uncertainty regarding spending the entrance fee on the development of the area was -0.26. In addition, the results indicated that 67% of respondents are willing to pay to visit the area and can pay up to 1 million Rials per visit; therefore, this issue can be considered by policymakers to provide a suitable platform for receiving an entrance fee to visit the area on the one hand and, on the other hand, support the ecosystem of this area by making the necessary investments. Also, given that the global registration of the area has had a significant impact on visitors' willingness to pay, it is recommended that the relevant authorities address the deficiencies related to the global registration file of the area and take the necessary steps to register it globally.

Abstract The origins of social loafing begin with “The Ringelmann Effect,” which describes the tendency for individuals to lower their productivity when in a group, Ingham, Levinger, Graves and Peckham relabeled this effect “social loafing” when they were successful in demonstrating individual effort declines in a curvilinear fashion when people work as a group or only believe they are working in a group.Some of thinkers regarding underdevelopment of country say that political systems hinder development of country. Namely, the objective factors prefer at subjective factors. It is clear that the people of country belief the development of top-down. Hence, they forget the functionality of their role on development.

This paper aims to explanation of relationship sense of social justice with social loafing of villagers in the rural areas of Ardabil County. The research method was analytical -explanative survey type. It can be said that studied population in this study consists of all villagers living in rural areas of Ardabil County in 2016 (N= 85053), among which 383 persons were selected as statistical sample using Cochran formula. Sample size was determined based on the Cochran’s formula and the required data were collected through questionnaires.

A sense of social justice acts an incentive let go laziness and irresponsibility and with steel will, they take action in the construction of rural areas. and they show everything have in the bag. Also, responsibility helps to hard working in the rural areas. Some of thinker believes that development and growth of a country is function of hard work and activities of people. Regarding the reinforcing of social ethic relationship and making information on work value and decreasing of social loafing must say that social ethic improve the discoing-making and performances at all level of bossiness.Finally, the results of Pearson test, there as significant relation between the variables of political freedom realization, access to resource and facilities, access to equal opportunities, having an acceptable income, possibility social participation and the intervention at development maagment with variables of a social just sense.

Abstract Grapes have a special place among the agricultural products of rural households in Sistan due to their important role in the economy of rural households. The Yaqouti grape of Sistan region is welcomed by consumers due to its early maturity and early maturity and has a suitable economic return for rural households in Sistan region. This research aims to analyze the economic and social effects of this product on the villages of Sistan in 1402. This research is based on a combination of descriptive-analytical methods and based on library, documentary and field studies, in which the statistical population of this research is rural households in the region, and based on Cochran and correction formulas, 347 household heads were selected as a random stratified sample size. Arc GIS, SPSS and ARAS model software and Friedman, Kendall and Mann-Whitney statistical tests were used to analyze the data. The results of the ARAS model in examining the severity of the economic and social impacts of Yaqoti grapes on the studied households show that the economic impacts in 16.6% of the households and the social impacts in 71.4% of the households are at a high or very high impact level. Also, based on the test results, the income generation component with an average of 0.023 and the social welfare component with an average of 0.031 respectively have the highest economic and social impacts among the various impacts in each dimension. Based on the results, providing facilities and infrastructure for access to sustainable water resources and its transfer to the villages and gardens of the Sistan region is recommended to remove the existing limitations.

Abstract Despite the importance of olives in the economy of Rudbar county, little attention has been paid in relation to the acceptance and determination of economic, social and technical factors affecting farmers' decisions to choose the right variety of olives compared to other products.

For this purpose, the present study, with the aim of filling this research gap, investigated the determinants of farmers' choice for different olive varieties in Rudbar County using the multinomial logit model. The community studied in this research is the olive gardeners in the rural areas of Rudbar county of Gilan province, which was obtained using Cochran's formula; the sample size included 187 farmers. Then the sample farmers were selected using the cluster sampling method and the required information was collected by completing the questionnaire in 1400. The results showed that important factors including olive income, elderly people, household size, farmer's experience, use of organic fertilizers, having a contract with a processing plant and the farmer's membership in the union or agricultural cooperatives are effective on the acceptance and selection of olive varieties. Accordingly, if the income of one unit increases, the probability of choosing the Yellow variety increases by about 0.08 and the Fishemi variety decreases by 2.14. Also, increasing the farmer's experience by one unit compared to the average increases the chance of choosing the Shenge, Fishemi and Yellow varieties by 0.3, 2.44 and 0.06, respectively. Household size also increases the chance of choosing the Shenge and Fishmi varieties by 1.2 and 6.92, respectively, for each unit increase from the average. In addition, the results showed that an increase of one unit in the use of organic fertilizers increases the probability of choosing Mari type olives by 0.2, which indicates the effect of organic fertilizers in the adoption of native varieties. Based on the results creating suitable conditions by providing practical and up-to-date training in the field of agriculture and new technologies and increasing access to financial facilities and equipment needed for farmers can be useful.