Agricultural Extension and Education
Mahdi Babaeian; Abolfazl Tavassoli; Yasser Esmailian
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the ability of carbon sequestration in barley and to determine the global warming potential of this product in the cropping year 2020-2021 in rural areas Shirvan city. For this purpose, systematic random sampling was performed in 30 farms from 0-30 cm soil depth ...
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This study was conducted to investigate the ability of carbon sequestration in barley and to determine the global warming potential of this product in the cropping year 2020-2021 in rural areas Shirvan city. For this purpose, systematic random sampling was performed in 30 farms from 0-30 cm soil depth and consumption inputs were obtained through face-to-face questionnaire. The results showed that the soil carbon sequestration capacity in barley farms was equal to 1.74 ton/ha-1. Comparison of conversion coefficient of plant organs showed that spike had a higher conversion coefficient of 22.4% than root. The carbon sequestration capacity of spike, stem and barley root was determined as 1297.20, 620.62 and 114.00 kg.ha-1, respectively. Among the inputs, diesel fuel with an average of 552.70 kg.ha-1 had the highest role and electricity with an average of 6.85 kg.ha-1 had the least role in greenhouse gas emissions. Among greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide with 1135.79 kg.ha-1 had the highest share. The total global warming potential of one hectare of barley in Shirvan city was 1147.31 kg equivalent of carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon footprint obtained for the total plant biomass was equal to 0.28 kg equivalent to carbon dioxide per kg of barley biomass. In general, the obtained results showed that the barley product has an acceptable carbon sequestration capacity and is a suitable crop to be included in the model program of rural areas. Based on the results of this research, part of the gross production of rural areas of Shirvan city will be achieved through the cultivation of barley in marginal lands with low production capacity, which will play an important role in the development of these areas.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Mehdi Charmchian Langerodi
Abstract
The development of the use of natural and biological inputs to achieve sustainable rice cultivation seems to be essential, and rice farmers must be prepared to accept sustainable and organic rice. Creating a positive attitude among rice growers about the biological inputs of rice is of paramount importance. ...
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The development of the use of natural and biological inputs to achieve sustainable rice cultivation seems to be essential, and rice farmers must be prepared to accept sustainable and organic rice. Creating a positive attitude among rice growers about the biological inputs of rice is of paramount importance. The purpose of this study was structural equation modeling of biological inputs acceptance by sari rice farmers. All rice farmers in Sari County (24502 individuals) were selected as the statistical population of the study, and 336 of them were selected as the study sample based on Cochran's formula and with random sampling method. Data collection was performed using a researcher-made questionnaire. Also, based on the average variance extracted (0.692 >AVE< 0.91) and composite reliability (0.969 >CR < 0.993), the questionnaire had a convergent validity and appropriate reliability. SPSS16 and Smart PLS2 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that educational characteristics (with path coefficient 0.453), information characteristics (with path coefficient 0.355), social characteristics (with path coefficient 0.117), and attitude towards biological inputs (with path coefficient 0.084) had a significant positive effect on acceptance of biological inputs (p < 0.01) and 99 percent of the variance of biological input acceptance was determined by these variables. It is suggested that due to the unfavorable attitude of rice farmers towards biological inputs, rice farmers should be informed about the role of biological inputs in crop, water, soil and human health. It is better to use knowledgeable rice farmers in this regard to train other rice farmers.
Agricultural Extension and Education
alijan salariyan; Hassan Feizi; Amir Salari
Abstract
In order to investigation of relationships between saffron yield and summer irrigation a survey was conducted in fields of rural areas of Torbat Heydarieh and Farooj, Iran. The survey was done by questionnaires as face to face interview with farmers and expertise of this subject in 2019. Based on this ...
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In order to investigation of relationships between saffron yield and summer irrigation a survey was conducted in fields of rural areas of Torbat Heydarieh and Farooj, Iran. The survey was done by questionnaires as face to face interview with farmers and expertise of this subject in 2019. Based on this method, 90 saffron fields (area about 0.5- 7 ha) with 1-4 years ages were studied. In addition effect of first irrigation treatments consisted irrigation on august, on mid-September and on early October on saffron yield based on completely randomized design was performed. Results indicated that in 2 years old fields did not significantly affected by first irrigation time, but the time of first irrigation had significant effect on saffron yield especially in 1, 3 and 4 years-old farms. Irrigation on early October in one year-old farms showed the highest stigma yield, but in two years- old farms this condition occurred on mid-September at Torbat Heydarieh and Farooj. In addition there was a negative relationship between fungi contamination with yield (-4.779) in three years- old and regression coefficient was -7.731 in four years-old farms. Furthermore there was about 64 % of changes in corm contamination to fungi related to number of irrigation. Therefore early irrigation of farms in summer such as August especially in three and four years-old because of enhancement of contamination to fungi diseases do not recommend.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Aida Shahryari; Homayon Farhadian; Maryam Mahmoudi
Abstract
The main purpose of this research was to study of rapeseed production challenges, as well as providing strategies for the development of this crop in Alborz Province. This descriptive-correctional study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage of this research, due to lack of comprehensive empirical ...
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The main purpose of this research was to study of rapeseed production challenges, as well as providing strategies for the development of this crop in Alborz Province. This descriptive-correctional study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage of this research, due to lack of comprehensive empirical background on the challenges of development of rapeseed cultivation in Alborz Province, the most important challenges and strategies for the development of rapeseed cultivation were collected from the perspective of experienced experts in the Organization and Management of Jihad-e-Agriculture, elite farmers and researchers through interviews. The statistical population of this part of the study was experienced experts, elite farmers and researchers in the field of research. Respondents were selected using non-probability snowball sampling. As a result of implementation of this stage and after the validity test, 46 and 27 variables were extracted as the most important challenges and strategies for the development of rapeseed cultivation in Alborz Province, respectively. In the second stage, in order to determine the importance of each identified variable from farmers' viewpoint, a questionnaire was designed in a Likert scale format and after the implementation of the pre-test and verification of its validity and reliability was given to the respondents. The statistical population of this part of the study included all farmers who were active in rapeseed cultivation during the last three years in the study area (N=142). Based on the results of factor analysis, the identified challenges were categorized into five factors, including: "poor supporting conditions; lack of resources, inputs and infrastructures; weak performance of educational-extension institutions; inadequate farm management; and plant physiological characteristics". The identified strategies were also categorized into three factors, including: "supply of inputs and infrastructures; financial support; and provision of research, extension and educational services". Improving the performance and efficiency of the Agricultural Insurance Fund, proper training of rapeseed field management by experts, and supplying and injecting special machinery for the agricultural sector are some of the suggestions that the results of this study offers to develop rapeseed cultivation in Alborz province.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Mehdi Nooripoor; Majid Sedaghati; Mahboubeh Asimeh
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate and analyze the effects of targeted subsidies in the agricultural sector of Choram County located in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. The statistical population of the study was 2528 farmers in the central part of Choram County. The approach in this study ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate and analyze the effects of targeted subsidies in the agricultural sector of Choram County located in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces. The statistical population of the study was 2528 farmers in the central part of Choram County. The approach in this study was integrated (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative section, data were first collected through in-depth interviews with informed farmers. Data analysis technique in this section, content analysis and the studied sample were selected using purposive sampling until reaching theoretical saturation of 39 people. In the quantitative part of the research, in order to obtain a more comprehensive view of the subsidy targeting plan in the agricultural sector and to understand its effects, secondary data were collected before and after the subsidy targeting. Data analysis in this section was performed with SPSS software. The results of content analysis in the form of three stages of open, axial and selective coding showed that five categories of factors (increase in production costs of agricultural products, increase in economic costs of farmers, decrease in quality of life of farmers, Optimization in the consumption of energy carriers and reduction of environmental pollution) has been of the most important effects of targeted subsidies. The results comparison mean level under cultivation and the yield of agricultural products before and after the targeting of subsidies also showed that level under the cultivation of tomato and green cucumber after targeting subsidies was significantly higher than before and the level under cultivation of rice and wheat crops has decreased, also tomato, rain fed barley and watermelon yielded significantly more than before, while in other products there was no significant statistical difference between the level under the cultivation and yield. Therefore, according to the results of the research, the plan to target agricultural subsidies has not had the desired effect on the agricultural sector. Therefore, it is suggested that the relevant authorities, such as the Ministry of Jihad for Agriculture and the organizations sponsoring pricing, put on the agenda the mechanisms needed to reduce the prices of production inputs and energy carriers.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Tooba Abedi; Masomeh Hosseini
Abstract
Identification of stakeholders and local communities to determine their awareness about wetlands is essential according to the objectives of the Communication, Education, Participation and Public Awareness (CEPA) program. To plan and take the necessary measures for the conservation and wisely use of ...
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Identification of stakeholders and local communities to determine their awareness about wetlands is essential according to the objectives of the Communication, Education, Participation and Public Awareness (CEPA) program. To plan and take the necessary measures for the conservation and wisely use of wetlands need to participation of local communities and their awareness raising. The statistical population of this study was 8 villages of rural municipality households of Amirkelaye Wetland, which were selected by available sampling method. The 108 questionnaires were distributed using a sample size based on the number of households in each village in summer 2020. The research methodology is conducted in a descriptive and analytical manner, so that at the descriptive stage, the present situation is identified and in the process of work, using statistical analysis. Variables were source of taking information about the wetlands, knowledge about wetland functions and treated factors and the measures to protect the wetland. The results showed that the above variables did not show significant differences between villages (p < 0.05). But there was a significant difference between the dependent variable of public awareness and the above independent variables.
Agricultural Extension and Education
rostam fathi; amir azizpanah
Abstract
Due to various limitations in order to provide face-to-face training to farmers, it is more important to use methods that can make access to new sciences possible with minimal time and cost. One of these methods is the use of information and communication technology, which is significantly expanding ...
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Due to various limitations in order to provide face-to-face training to farmers, it is more important to use methods that can make access to new sciences possible with minimal time and cost. One of these methods is the use of information and communication technology, which is significantly expanding in the agricultural sector. Therefore, it is necessary to know the factors affecting the use of these technologies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the use of these technologies among farmers in northern Khuzestan in 1399. A sample of 150 people was selected using cluster sampling method and SPSS software and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the age variable has a significant decreasing effect on the use of training based on information and communication technologies and for each year of decreasing age, these trainings increase by 0/03 units. For one hour of increase in extension training, 0/04 units and for each increase of farmer income, use of training increased by 0/14 units. The effect of land size and membership in cooperatives on the use of ICT-based training was insignificant. The predictive sensitivity of the regression model was 0.75.8 and its detectability was 0.81.8 respectively. In general in 0.79.3 cases, the estimated model correctly predicted the categories. Due to the greater impact of farmer income on the use of ICT-based training, it is suggested that the cost of the Internet for web-based agricultural training platforms be reduced as much as possible.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Yahya Safi Sis; Milad Joodi Damirchi; Mozhdeh Maleki
Abstract
At present, although the efficiency and sustainability of many environmental protection technologies have been widely proven in agricultural research centers, but many farmers still do not have enough information and knowledge about these technologies, and the reason for this is that such technologies ...
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At present, although the efficiency and sustainability of many environmental protection technologies have been widely proven in agricultural research centers, but many farmers still do not have enough information and knowledge about these technologies, and the reason for this is that such technologies require the replacement of local management skills, knowledge and manpower with foreign inputs. The purpose of this study was to analyzing of the effect of agricultural extension and education system in the form of educational-extension methods on farmers’ environmental behavior. The present study is a descriptive and causal-relational research that was conducted by survey method. The statistical population of this study was farmers in Sis area located in Shabestar district of East Azarbaijan province (N = 4487). The Morgan table was used to determine the sample size. The sample size was 350, which increased to 360 farmers to reduce the error and also to cover the unanswered questionnaires and were studied using random sampling method. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire which Its validity was confirmed using the opinion of professors of agricultural extension and education at the university of Tehran and the reliability of the variables was confirmed using a pretest and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The structural equation modeling technique was applyed to analyze the data. Based on the obtained information, there was sufficient evidence for the confirmation significant effect of "group methods" and "environmental attitude" on "environmental Behavior". The significant effect of "individual extension" and "environmental knowledge" on "environmental attitude" was also confirmed. Based on the results, the combination of individual, group and mass methods in extension programs can be done to increase the effectiveness of educational-extensional methods, to enable the synergy of educational resources and educational methods in one harmonious and cohesive platform.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Hadi Zareie; leila Niroomand; somayeh Tajeek esmaeily
Abstract
Production of agricultural products as an effective part in the development of the country in various dimensions is of great importance; However, considering the waste of production of these products in the country, which according to statistics is more than 30% of total production, it seems necessary ...
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Production of agricultural products as an effective part in the development of the country in various dimensions is of great importance; However, considering the waste of production of these products in the country, which according to statistics is more than 30% of total production, it seems necessary to change production methods by aligning farmers and villagers to use new production technologies by them through communication solutions. Participate in urgent action. The statistical population of this study was the promoters working in Khorasan Razavi agricultural jihad and extension assistants related to the agricultural jihad of the province. Based on non-probability sampling, the sample population was selected as described. The "qualitative" and "quantitative" methods used in this research are as follows: At first, in the "qualitative" method, through "in-depth interviews", 15 agricultural workers in the villages of Mashhad were interviewed and the answers provided by the software Maxqda was analyzed and based on these results, the measurement tool was designed with 40 items and 220 agricultural promoters across the province were asked to respond and then the results were analyzed using SPSS software. The purpose of this study is to obtain a model to explain the impact of participatory communication on the use of new production technologies among farmers. All 8 hypotheses in this study were tested and confirmed using variance test and one-way analysis of variance, and finally, using linear regression, the effect of variables was confirmed. It is suggested that agricultural promoters use the knowledge and tools of participatory communication to align farmers to use new production technologies.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Mohammad Abdolahi Ezzatabadi
Abstract
For sustainable development plan, we need to consider the role of local community and participation of local people in decision making. In this study, possibility of using five local non-governmental organizations, village councils, Basij (one of the five forces of the Islamic revolutionary guard corps ...
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For sustainable development plan, we need to consider the role of local community and participation of local people in decision making. In this study, possibility of using five local non-governmental organizations, village councils, Basij (one of the five forces of the Islamic revolutionary guard corps in Iran’s villages), agricultural production cooperative, mosque board of trustees and the organization of agricultural well management, as intermediate organizations for agricultural extension was investigated in Kerman province. The data used, were prepared from the managers of the surveyed organizations as well as 1099 farmers participating in the meetings of these organizations through two types of questionnaires of organization and farmer. Variance analysis and regression model was used for measuring the effects of socio economic factors on NGOs efficiency. The results showed that 74% of farmers, in addition to other resources, use the experience of other farmers. Participating in training classes, studying extensional and technical journals and referring directly to experts have a significant positive effect on pistachio crop yield. The results also showed that more than 90% of the surveyed farmers considered the use of non-governmental organizations to promote and transfer the findings of agricultural research useful. In terms of farmers' acceptance of the meetings of the organizations and the number of people present in these meetings, village council and the organization of agricultural well management have a higher advantage. But, none of these five NGOs, solely, can be considered as an intermediate organization for agricultural extension. So, a formal or informal combination of these NGOs should be constructed.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Abdolhalim Kor; Hamid Balali; Mahammad sharif Sharifzadeh
Abstract
Mazandaran province is one of the important poles of Tobacco production in the country. Evaluation of Tobacco cultivation status as a specialized commodity production system in the province over a 28-year period based on available evidence indicates a decline in cultivation of this crop. The aim of this ...
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Mazandaran province is one of the important poles of Tobacco production in the country. Evaluation of Tobacco cultivation status as a specialized commodity production system in the province over a 28-year period based on available evidence indicates a decline in cultivation of this crop. The aim of this study was to identify and analyze factors affecting farmers' tendency to continue tobacco cultivation in Mazandaran province. Data collection tool was a questionnaire, its validity was confirmed by the opinion of a group of experts and its reliability was based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient for different sections of the questionnaire, including environmental, extensional, technical, social and support factors above 0.75. The statistical population of this study is composed of tobacco farmers in Mazandaran province that Using Cochran sampling method, 147 samples were selected according to stratified sampling. According to descriptive analysis, 47.5% of farmers were positive about tobacco cultivation and the comparison of the mean tendency to continue cultivation in relation to age, literacy level, background tobacco farmers and income in the two communities (advocates and disagreeing continue to cultivate tobacco) did not show a significant difference. Also, according to the results of logistic regression analysis of drought and dry growing conditions, competing products such as rice and wheat, labor family and Transparency of purchase rates, respectively, with coefficient impact 0.663, 1.079, 0.589 and 0.628 has predicted a total of 33% of farmers' willingness and unwillingness to continue growing tobacco. Accordingly, in order to increase the tendency of farmers to continue cultivating, it is recommended to adopt appropriate pricing policies and provide support services such as providing loans and credits, tobacco insurance and their familiarity with appropriate agricultural methods and land preparation according to the conditions of the region.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Abbas Abbasian; Mahboobeh Naseri; Mohammad Reza Abbaspor
Abstract
Recently, the development of canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivation has attracted the attention of agricultural managers due to its favorable characteristics and the need for oil self-sufficiency. The present study was conducted to evaluate and analyze canola cultivation and yield in Torbat Heydariyeh ...
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Recently, the development of canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivation has attracted the attention of agricultural managers due to its favorable characteristics and the need for oil self-sufficiency. The present study was conducted to evaluate and analyze canola cultivation and yield in Torbat Heydariyeh Kadkan district. For this purpose, data on harvest levels, number of users and canola yields were examined during four years. Harvest levels in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 were 20.3, 28.3, 26 and 22.15 hectares, respectively. Also, the weighted average yield of canola farms in Kadkan district during the mentioned years was 2.5, 3.4, 3.8 and 4 tons per hectare, respectively. The correlation of harvest data and yield of 28 rapeseed farms in the Torbat Heydariyeh Kadkan villages was adjusted with two linear and 3-parametric sigmoid models. The 3-parameter sigmoid model had a higher accuracy than the linear model due to the higher correlation coefficient (R= 0.65**) and the mean square error (RMSE = 0.85) Based on the sigmoid model, yield increased with increasing rapeseed cultivation levels and then stabilized. There was a significant relationship between the level and yield of canola in the four-year period (R = 0.6**), so that as the level of cultivation increased, the yield also increased. The production of 15 canola codecs in Kadkan during 33 years was 335 tons. To develop canola cultivation among farmers in Kadkan, programs such as increasing the guaranteed purchase price, timely supply of seeds, increasing incentive policies, developing efficient canola machines such as grain harvesters, equipping combine harvesters with canola harvesting heads, development of type irrigation and other new methods of irrigation, development of canola cultivation, development of joint ship projects, creation of shopping centers and collection of rapeseed from farmers, research to identify cold-tolerant cultivars to reduce cold sensitivity and development of the program Promotional training, especially when planting, watering and harvesting time of time is recommended. It is also advisable for agricultural managers and promoters of production areas to reduce costs and achieve greater economic efficiency and performance, encouraging major farmers to develop rapeseed cultivation.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Seyede Shirin Golbaz; Esmaeil Karami Dehkordi
Abstract
Proper water management in orchards will make optimal use of water, soil, fertilizer resources and production of large amounts of high quality products. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze adoption of the decision to apply proper irrigation in grape orchards by grape growers in the Khorramdarreh ...
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Proper water management in orchards will make optimal use of water, soil, fertilizer resources and production of large amounts of high quality products. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze adoption of the decision to apply proper irrigation in grape orchards by grape growers in the Khorramdarreh Township in order to produce better high quality products through efficient use of water while saving it. This study was done using a descriptive-analytical survey. Data were collected through structured interviews with grape growers by using questionnaire tools. A sample containing 260 people of 3942 grape growers in the Khor’ramdar’reh Township were selected by the multi-level sampling method who were interviewed. The results of the comparison of knowledge, intent, and implementation of applying proper irrigation method the three groups showed that this difference exists between both group 1 (non-members in the plan) and groups 2 (the cover of Toba plan 2001-2008) and 3 (grape growers under the cover of garden development plans 2008-2011) and between groups 2 and 3. Generally, the average score of knowledge, intent, and implementation of grape growers in group 3 were higher than that of groups 1 and 2, and the average score of knowledge for group 2 was higher than that of group 1. As a result of knowledge, intent, implementation in adoption of a proper irrigation method is higher among group 3. Therefore, reforming and Improving Grape Orchard Plan has increased the adoption of a proper irrigation method by grape growers in the Khor’ramdar’reh Township.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Mahnaz Mohammadzadeh; Hossein Shabanali Fami; Moslem Savari; Mahsa Motaghed; Mosayab Baghaee; samira afshari
Abstract
Drought is one of the most serious natural disasters in terms of extent and magnitude of the economic damage it entails and the irreparable damages it causes to the agricultural sector and the water resources of the country. This research study was conducted to investigate water management solutions ...
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Drought is one of the most serious natural disasters in terms of extent and magnitude of the economic damage it entails and the irreparable damages it causes to the agricultural sector and the water resources of the country. This research study was conducted to investigate water management solutions by small scale farmers in drought conditions in the Isfahan province. This study is based on the nature of quantitative research, it is of the non-exponential type in terms of control of variables, and it is done by the descriptive-correlation method in terms of method and it is in the form of applied research. The statistical population consists of all small-scale farmers in the Isfahan province and the study was done in drought conditions. According to the statistics center of Iran, the total number of small scale farmers in the Isfahan province is about 166030 people. The sample size in this group was selected to be 394 people using the Morgan’s table. The sample size in this group was determined using Morgan table and a sample of 394 persons were chosen by the proportional allocation method. The main instrument for collecting data is a questionnaire whose face validity was confirmed by professors and its reliability was confirmed by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.95). The results show that small-scale farmers use various methods for water management in dealing with droughts that were identified through factor analysis in three categories of water management, farm-management, technical management, information management and social capital management.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Jamileh Aliloo; Mohammad Chizari; SHahla CHoobchian
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate components affecting farmers' participation in irrigation management (case of Khoy County). This study was causal-relationship and a survey was conducted. The study population were all farmers in the Khoy County in the crop year 2015-16 (N=19088) and a number ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate components affecting farmers' participation in irrigation management (case of Khoy County). This study was causal-relationship and a survey was conducted. The study population were all farmers in the Khoy County in the crop year 2015-16 (N=19088) and a number of 379 number of people were chosen using the Krejcie and Morgan table (1970) and stratified sampling with proportional allocation as research samples. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose content validity was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was determined by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient between 0.72 and 0.85. The obtained data were analyzed using the SPSSv19 software. According to the results, the participation of farmers in irrigation management was evaluated at a good level. The results showed that the independent variables including farmers' attitude toward their participation in irrigation management, awareness of the consequences of participation in irrigation management, suitability of the technical factors in irrigation network, use of farmers from information sources, social norms toward participation in water management, farmers' attitude toward agricultural extension personnel, farmers' sociability and attitude toward water officials and experts with dependent variable of participation in irrigation management had had positive relationship and significant at 1 percent level. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that the mentioned variables explained 75 percent of the variance of the participation in irrigation management.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Zhila Moradi; Ali Asqar Mirak Zade; Farahnaz Rostami
Abstract
The agriculture sector though is one of the most important economic sectors in the country, but is faced with major limitations. The purpose of this research is to study the barriers of agricultural development from farmers perspectives in the Qaratureh district. The statistical population of the study ...
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The agriculture sector though is one of the most important economic sectors in the country, but is faced with major limitations. The purpose of this research is to study the barriers of agricultural development from farmers perspectives in the Qaratureh district. The statistical population of the study consisted of 2800 farmers from 27 villages of the Qaratureh district. The statistical population mentioned included, a number 338 farmers who were selected by using stratified random sampling method and based on Krejcie and Morgan tables. Instrument for compilation of data was a questionnaire. To ensure the validity of the questionnaire expert panels were used and for the reliability Cronbach's alpha was used and its amount was obtained to be 0.84. Based on the results obtained in communication with barriers of agricultural development in the studied case region, 30 variables, with using factor analysis technique were summarized into five factors infrastructural, economic-managerial, natural, cultural and educational. The results showed that based on farmers perspectives, the infrastructural factor was the first barrier of region agricultural development. This factor explain about 24/40% of the total variance of the research variables. One of the major problems in the Qaratureh District is the lack of water. Part of this problem is lack of infrastructure and it is related in part to lack of financial resources and lack of farm capital. Therefore, it is suggested that the government supports farmers in order to establish agricultural development infrastructure such as Land Consolidation, water canalization, Sprinkler irrigation systems development, leveling and drainage lands and Granting of bank facilities.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Roghayeh Yazdani; masoud kheyrandish; Mohsen Mohammadi Khayareh; Hady Aminy
Abstract
Rural development is one of the most important discussions in every community, especially in developing societies. Considering the importance of rural development and its relationship with rural entrepreneurship, the present study aimed to investigate the innovation index and its impact on rural development ...
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Rural development is one of the most important discussions in every community, especially in developing societies. Considering the importance of rural development and its relationship with rural entrepreneurship, the present study aimed to investigate the innovation index and its impact on rural development with an emphasis on the role of mediator of rural entrepreneurship in North Khorasan province. In this study, a questionnaire was distributed among entrepreneurs in the agricultural sector of North Khorasan Province to analyze the data using a Delphi method. According to the provincial agricultural Jihad Department, 42 entrepreneurs are active in the agricultural sector of the province, of which only 30 were available for the sample. For analyzing the data, SPSS software was used to test the hypotheses and the Bootstrapping method was used to analyze the mediating variable. The results of the research indicate that there is a direct relationship between rural innovation and rural development. Also, rural entrepreneurship, which has been considered as an intermediary variable, has been effective in rural development.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Hasan KHodayi steyar; Hossein Raheli; Hossein Kohestani; Habib SHojai mazdi
Abstract
Processing and Complementary industries are faculties witch work on producing and processing different agricultural products. Main purpose of this study is to scrutinize the obstacles and problems of active processing and complementary industry units in Sari county from viewpoint of the managers witch ...
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Processing and Complementary industries are faculties witch work on producing and processing different agricultural products. Main purpose of this study is to scrutinize the obstacles and problems of active processing and complementary industry units in Sari county from viewpoint of the managers witch is conducted with survey method. The population of this study contains 192 managers of active processing and complementary industry units in sari county witch got license from “Jahad keshavarzi” or “ministry of Industry, mine and Trade” till 2014. Sampling method of this study is simple random and the sample size (using morgan table) has 122 cases. Combining the attributive study and survey method is used for gathering data and needed information. For data analysis descriptive statistical analysis and factor analysis is used. The results of this research showed that five factors: economic, institutional and legal, inputs and materials, cultural and social, technical and technological, with the percentage of explanation 12.255, 11.22, 10.982, 10.614 and 9.82 as barriers and problems of conversion industries respectively And complementary in the city of Sari were extracted and named.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Mohsen Maleki; Reza Dehghani bidgoli; Reza Ghane Moghadam
Abstract
Natural resource projects have several objectives at various levels of technical, social policy which mainly include control and eradication of erosion and waste water, optimizing the use of water and soil resources, increasing production of watersheds, including plant and animal husbandry, increase ...
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Natural resource projects have several objectives at various levels of technical, social policy which mainly include control and eradication of erosion and waste water, optimizing the use of water and soil resources, increasing production of watersheds, including plant and animal husbandry, increase in income of residents of watersheds and reducing damage caused by soil erosion and floods and other goals. In natural resources and watershed management programs, it is necessary to consider the social, economic and organizational factors affecting both inside and outside the watershed. This research was carried out with the aim of evaluating the actions of natural resources and watershed management on the social and economic situation of beneficiaries that are living in the basin, such as people's satisfaction and attitude, popular participation, and popular acceptance of the projects. Also, the effects of project implementation in terms of stakeholders in Ghareshiran basin where natural resource projects have been implemented has also been studied. This research is a descriptive-correlational research. The statistical population of this research, using the Cochran formula, consisted of 200 family caretakers from the beneficiaries and residents of this area, who were questioned by systematic random sampling. A questionnaire was used to determine the validity of the data. Validity was confirmed by a specialist. SPSS software was used to determine the reliability and Cronbach's alpha was 0.78. Based on the results, the implementation of plans in the region, the income situation of 35%, the yield and the cost of water products increased 26%, the yield and the cost of garden products 10%, and the yield of forage production 12%. Also, the greatest effect of implementation of the implemented projects in the region on the flood disaster problem with an average of 1.01 and improving the economic situation of the operators was 1.70. It had little effect on the reduction of immigration and unemployment.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Seyed sina Eisapour; Reza Moghaddasi; Mehdi Pirozian; Jalil Ajali
Abstract
Fragmentation of small agricultural lands and traditional agricultural lands in Iran is one the largest factors responsible for agricultural production and employment is responsible. The system mainly consists of 10 acres called the micro and the peasantry, and each operator will usually include a family ...
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Fragmentation of small agricultural lands and traditional agricultural lands in Iran is one the largest factors responsible for agricultural production and employment is responsible. The system mainly consists of 10 acres called the micro and the peasantry, and each operator will usually include a family operation. This pattern of operation with features such as organizational and structural weaknesses, low level of education and technical knowledge, scatter plots of agricultural land, the lack of efficient use of resources in production, low yield per hectare, high production costs, low income farmers and the non-economic and non-economic well-known performance. In this research, in order to calculate and determine the efficiency level of the small peasant exploitation system the data for 2014 were collected and data envelopment analysis was used. The statistical population of this study is 9600 small peasant below ten acres. Bu using multi-stage sampling method for subjects the sample size was 48, and a total of 60 questionnaires were completed with high precision. The results of the research showed that the average technical, allocation and economic efficiency of small peasant farms studied in the Miyaneh city is respectively equal to 60.03, 60.06, 34.02. This suggests an increase in technical efficiency of 39.7 percent, an allocation efficiency of 39.4 percent, and an economic efficiency of 65.8 percent. This indicates weaknesses in existing technical knowledge, farm management, and lack of use of scale optimization.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Hamid Rastegari; Zakaria Mohammadi Tamari; Maryam Sharifzadeh
Abstract
Nowadays, expanding entrepreneurship culture which depends on nurturing skills, abilities and entrepreneurial capabilities in societies and providing appropriate ethical business setting is regarded as one of the main factors for the economic development of societies. Thus, identifying entrepreneurial ...
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Nowadays, expanding entrepreneurship culture which depends on nurturing skills, abilities and entrepreneurial capabilities in societies and providing appropriate ethical business setting is regarded as one of the main factors for the economic development of societies. Thus, identifying entrepreneurial traits, skills, and abilities and particularly rural entrepreneurial competencies can be of great help to advance this issue. Therefore, the main objective of the present descriptive study is to identify and prioritize rural entrepreneurship skills. Key informants who participated in this research study were seven academic rural development experts who were selected based on Judgement (or Purposive) sampling to achieve theoretical saturation. The archival research technique was used to elicit and specify rural entrepreneurial skills, and then the structured protocols were used to collect information regarding the importance of the elicited skills. Data processing was done using the Artificial Neural Network technique in the MATLAB software. The results showed that social relationships, marketing and customer management skills, strategic planning, business startup and administration, and risk management ranked first to fifth, respectively. Among the five categories of entrepreneurship skills, “opportunity skills” and “management skills” ranked first and last, respectively. Some suggestions are provided in order to develop rural entrepreneurial skills based on the results obtained in this research study.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Parivash Moradi; Enayat Abbasi; Majid Reza Khodaverdian
Abstract
Human habitats have always been subject to change considering the available construction space as well as internal and external processes evolved. The rural settlements, as part of the geographic system, which consist of components related to each other, are influenced by the position of the place - ...
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Human habitats have always been subject to change considering the available construction space as well as internal and external processes evolved. The rural settlements, as part of the geographic system, which consist of components related to each other, are influenced by the position of the place - space, interaction or communication (internal and external local, regional and national scale) and they are always subject to changes in the structure and functioning of rural areas in different regions. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic and a large field study, documentary and library method are used to collect information. In order to investigate the structural-functional changes in these villages, indicators were selected in different dimensions (environmental-ecological, socio-cultural, economic-livelihoods, physical, physical), which were estimated by random sampling of 317 samples. The questionnaire was used by residents of rural households whose validity was confirmed by some experts. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.77) was used to determine the reliability of the main scale of the questionnaire. After completing the questionnaire, information analysis and hypothesis testing were evaluated using t-test and spearman correlation and the difference between these indices in rural development. The results show that the environmental - ecological villages saw an increase in deep wells, reducing the discharge of springs and aqueducts, changes in land use and the social dimension with increased migration and immigration, the government policies, the economics and these have affected rural habitats.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Hossein Noroozi; Hamed Eskandari damaneh; Rasool Lavaei Adaryani; Mohseen Adeli- Sardooei
Abstract
As one of the most important factors on the earth, water is important for drinking as well as other human and natural-related uses. Thus, in most countries, water scarcity has become a serious crisis. Therefore, management of and conservation of water resources have been of great importance. Iran is ...
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As one of the most important factors on the earth, water is important for drinking as well as other human and natural-related uses. Thus, in most countries, water scarcity has become a serious crisis. Therefore, management of and conservation of water resources have been of great importance. Iran is considered as an arid and semi-arid country in the world, which necessitates paying more attention to these valuable resources. Wetlands are one of the most important water sources in the country. Jazmoryan wetland is one of the important wetlands in the country, which has faced considerable damages because of several reasons such as insufficient rainfall, occurrence of drought in the region, upstream dam construction, and lack of providing water use right. Considering the importance and key role of this wetland in agriculture and preserving the ecosystem in the region, in this research the restoration and conservation value of Jazmourian wetland and the willingness to accept and willingness to reduce planting of the farmers in the western basin of this wetland was estimated in two separate patterns for the restoration and protection of the wetland using contingent valuation method. According to the results of both patterns, the variables of education and residential location have a positive impact on the probability of accepting the area under cultivation and the proposed monetary value in order to participate in reduced planting plan, while the variables of household size, household expenses, land ownership, marital status, and the value of area under cultivation have a negative impact on the probability of accepting the area under cultivation and the proposed monetary value. Also, the planting area which farmers voluntarily accept to reduce planting and participate in the reduced planting plan, is equivalent to 0.435 ha per farmer and 264 ha in the whole region. Also, willingness to accept in order to reduce area under planting per ha and participation in the reduced planting plan for each farmer and whole study area in the region was estimated to be 355.69 million Rails and 2030 billion Rails, respectively.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Ehsan Masoomi; Dariush Hayati
Abstract
Non-farm economy is one of the newly presented concepts in rural development literature. Numerous studies have reviewed evidence and theories towards improving the concept of rural non-farm economy. However, there is not enough empirical studies in this field, especially in the developing countries. ...
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Non-farm economy is one of the newly presented concepts in rural development literature. Numerous studies have reviewed evidence and theories towards improving the concept of rural non-farm economy. However, there is not enough empirical studies in this field, especially in the developing countries. The aim of this study is to investigate factors affecting multiplicity of rural non-farm activities in the Kavar Township in the Fars province. Archival research was carried out for conducting this study as research method. Totally, 225 active rural households in various non-farm activities were selected using simple random sampling. The results showed that gender, annual household farm income, and the number of migrated members of household have a positive and significant effect on the dependent variable. The effect of benefiting from government loans on the number of non-farm activities was negative and significant. The prominent role of women in non-farm activities represents the importance of social and cultural dimensions of such activities. The results revealed that multiplicity of non-farm activities is not dependent on education. Therefore, it is not necessary to focus on education in development of rural non-farm activities. Some applicable recommendations have been presented at the end of the manuscript based on the research results.
Agricultural Extension and Education
Yadegar Momenpor; Hasan Sadighi; SHahla CHoobchian
Abstract
Today, with the arrival of chemical inputs in agriculture and excessive use of these inputs by farmers, irreparable damage has been done to the environment. Environmental sustainability included actions in line with environment in a long-term period. The use of long-term is due to environmental sustainability. ...
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Today, with the arrival of chemical inputs in agriculture and excessive use of these inputs by farmers, irreparable damage has been done to the environment. Environmental sustainability included actions in line with environment in a long-term period. The use of long-term is due to environmental sustainability. This study was designed to investigate factors affecting environmental behavior of wheat producers and it was done by a survey technique. The research population included all wheat producers in the Buokan Township (5473 people) and 136 of them were selected by using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sampling Table. The sampling method was proportional stratified random sampling. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via the LISREL software was used to evaluate validity and reliability of the research questionnaire. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirm both "the validity and reliability" of the questionnaire and "the goodness of the latent variables". The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that most of the research hypotheses were confirmed and the “institutional” construct has the most effect on the environmental behavior and 35 percent of the variance change is explained by this construct. On the other hand, factors Economic, Ecological and Social have been mentioned as important in affecting environmental behavior.